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抗凝速递 ——艾多沙班文献精粹(2021.04-12)

其他分类其他2022-02-10
356

目录

CONTENTS

01

房颤

共39篇研究 P7~P52

02

VTE

共7篇研究 P54~P61

03

其它

共11篇研究 P63~P73

房颤

Contents

2021 EHRA房颤患者NOACs应用实践指南

07

艾多沙班在非瓣膜性心房颤动合并急性心力衰竭患者中的血药浓度和药效学研究

09

根据肌酐清除率选择心房颤动患者直接口服抗凝剂的临床证据

10

艾多沙班在肌酐清除率超过100 ml/min的房颤患者中的暴露检测

11

心房颤动合并CKD患者的口服抗凝剂:系统评价和成对网络荟萃分析

12

肥胖心房颤动患者直接口服抗凝剂预防卒中的选择

14

直接口服抗凝剂在心房颤动伴极度肥胖患者中的药代动力学

15

直接口服抗凝剂在非瓣膜性心房颤动合并极端体重患者中的研究

17

体重对ETNA-AF-Europe注册研究中接受艾多沙班治疗的房颤患者临床结果的影响

19

心房颤动患者虚弱的发生率及其与口服抗凝剂处方的关系

20

非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂治疗有癌症病史的心房颤动患者的临床结果:一项全国性队列研究

21

指南

特殊人群使用

中国缺血性卒中合并心房颤动患者基于指南的口服抗凝处方趋势评估

22

卒中患者的口服抗凝治疗和预后——2012-2017年奥地利全国回顾性队列研究

24

颅内出血后房颤患者卒中预防的抗血栓治疗:EHRA 调查结果

25

艾多沙班与维生素K拮抗剂在TAVR术后房颤患者中应用的比较

28

在伴或不伴PCI的房颤患者中使用非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂(NOAC)的心肌梗死
风险:一项Meta分析

30

UBLED AF(布莱克浦心房颤动/扑动消融患者不间断使用艾多沙班 vs. 华法林 
vs. 利伐沙班)研究

27

房颤患者导管消融围手术期不间断服用艾多沙班出血事件的相关因素:
KYU-RAGE研究的亚组分析

26

伴和不伴外周动脉疾病的心房颤动患者缺血性和出血风险以及全剂量和半剂量艾多沙班
 vs. 华法林的疗效和安全性:来自ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48的见解

31

老年心房颤动患者使用直接口服抗凝剂与维生素K拮抗剂的成本效益分析:
来自真实世界证据的见解

32

艾多沙班在日本非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中的安全性和有效性:
两年上市后监测研究的最终报告(ETNA-AF-Japan)

34

韩国和台湾地区房颤患者使用艾多沙班预防卒中的剂量相关因素:
来自全球ETNA-AF 项目一年数据

35

非瓣膜性房颤患者使用直接口服抗凝剂的药物依从性——真实世界分析

36

亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者口服抗凝剂的真实世界数据:符合PRISMA标准的文章

37

真实世界研究

OAC在亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中的有效性和安全性

38

比较华法林和4种直接口服抗凝剂对房颤患者痴呆风险的影响

41

韩国和中国台湾房颤患者在常规临床实践中使用艾多沙班的临床事件

42

植入起搏器和心脏监测装置且服用艾多沙班患者的血栓栓塞和出血风险:全球EMIT计划的结果

43

使用EQ-5D和CRES-4问卷评估双香豆素转换为艾多沙班后对患者生活质量和满意度
水平的影响:基于多中心研究的真实经验

45

对比新型口服抗凝剂的出血和栓塞风险

46

长期应用抗凝药物后对房颤患者肾功能的影响

47

房颤患者中与艾多沙班血药浓度相关的因素

48

ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 试验中房颤患者卒中或体循环栓塞和出血风险及生物标志物的系列评估

49

Edoxaban影响TRAP依赖的血小板聚集

50

直接口服抗凝剂剂量不足和过量的决定因素及医师对临床药剂师建议的实施

51

直接口服抗凝剂和维生素K拮抗剂与房颤患者骨折的关系:系统评价和Meta分析

52

艾多沙班与阿哌沙班、达比加群、利伐沙班和维生素K拮抗剂在德国房颤患者中的
临床结果比较:一项真实世界的队列研究

39

房颤患者抗凝处方与痴呆事件风险

40

在临床实践中如何解释应用低剂量的直接口服抗凝剂:一项来自意大利动脉粥样硬化,血栓形成和血管生物学(ATVB)研究组的全国调查

44

其他

六大更新
NOAC推荐用于非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中预防,机械瓣的房颤患者仍推荐VKA。
抗凝+抗血小板双通道抗栓方案(DPI)被推荐用于ACS/CCS/PAD患者动脉血栓事件二级预防。
所有符合NOAC使用条件的房颤患者,推荐首选NOAC,细化NOAC患者随访流程。
增加了新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)大流行期间如何使用NOAC新章节。
利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班被推荐用于重度CKD患者(CrCl 15~29 mL/min)。
接受NOAC治疗的房颤患者发生TIA/急性缺血性卒中无需转换为另一种NOAC。
一、NOAC推荐用于非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中预防,机械瓣的房颤患者仍然推荐使用VKA
基于最新循证证据,《2021版EHRA指南》对NOAC适应症章节进行了更新。新版指南指出NOAC被批准用于非瓣膜性房颤患者卒中预防。然而,无随机对照研究(RCT)表明NOAC对风湿性二尖瓣狭窄的疗效较差,也无合理理由来推测NOAC与维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)的疗效有差异。事实上,缺乏适应症只是因为这些患者(二尖瓣狭窄)被排除在关键的RCT之外。目前,研究风湿性心脏病患者使用VKA、利伐沙班或阿司匹林的INVICTUS研究正在进行。在这些研究完成之前,风湿性心脏病患者应将VKA作为标准治疗。然而,当不能使用VKA治疗时[例如无法监测国际标准化比值(INR),或即使监测和管理很好,INR一直不稳定],在仔细评估和与患者沟通,签署知情同意后情况下,NOAC可能是一种选择。
二、抗凝+抗血小板双通道抗栓方案(DPI)被推荐用于ACS/CCS/PAD患者动脉血栓事件二级预防
《2021版EHRA指南》将2018版指南中避免不同适应症NOAC不同剂量混淆章节合并到了NOAC适应症章节,并增加了房颤患者ACS/PCI术后阿哌沙班和利伐沙班推荐剂量,同时将无房颤慢性CAD患者动脉粥样硬化血栓事件二级预防修改为无房颤ACS(急性冠状动脉综合征)/CCS(慢性冠状动脉综合征)/PAD(外周动脉疾病)患者动脉粥样硬化血栓事件二级预防。
三、所有符合NOAC使用条件的房颤患者,推荐首选NOAC,细化NOAC患者随访流程
与2018版指南相比,《2021版EHRA指南》细化了使用NOAC患者的启动和结构化随访时间流程图,明确了不同年龄≥75岁、CrCl<60 ml/min和具有并发情况患者的具体随访周期。《2021版EHRA指南》指出,在确定OAC适应症后,所有符合NOAC使用条件的房颤患者,推荐首选NOAC。同时指南指出当启动NOAC时,需要了解患者当前的肝肾功能,因为肾功能影响NOAC剂量。NOAC的选择应根据当地监管部门批准的适应症、处方限制、治疗费用和患者意愿等综合考量。
四、COVID-19大流行期间如何使用NOAC
《2021版EHRA指南》新增了COVID-19大流行期间如何使用NOAC新章节。新版指南指出在COVID-19大流行期间,与VKA治疗相比,NOAC治疗具有一些潜在优势,包括无需经常去诊所/医院进行INR监测。同时指南对服用NOAC患者因COVID-19而住院应该做什么,什么时间继续用药,什么时间应该改用肠外抗凝和服用NOAC患者如何安全地接种COVID-19疫苗等进行了详细说明(详见原文)。

原文:https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/23/10/1612/6247378

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EP Europace 丨October 2021

DOI: 10.1093/europace/euab065

2021 EHRA房颤患者NOACs应用实践指南

2021 European Heart Rhythm Association Practical Guide on the Use of Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation

五、特殊人群如何使用NOAC?
与2018版指南相比,《2021版EHRA指南》对NOAC在慢性肾脏病中的应用推荐更加详细,强调根据EMA和SmPc,应在仔细评估个体血栓栓塞和出血风险后,艾多沙班才能用于“高CrCl”患者。基于药代动力学模拟,除达比加群外,小剂量利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班推荐用于重度CKD患者(CrCl为15~29 mL/min)。
《2021版EHRA指南》新增了NOAC在亚洲人群中的临床应用章节。在亚洲人群中,NOAC较VKA降低大出血(特别是颅内出血)风险显著由于非亚洲人群,表明NOAC在亚洲人群中更具安全性优势,且在预防卒中和体循环栓塞的疗效未降低。综合目前数据,NOAC是亚洲患者抗凝治疗的首选方案。
《2021版EHRA指南》将年老和衰弱单独作为一章节进行了详细介绍,对于≥75岁的老年患者,推荐首选NOAC。强调衰弱/跌倒本身不是使用NOAC的禁忌症,但应采取预防措施并评估可改变的出血风险因素。此外,跌倒患者应转诊到专科门诊进行跌倒评估和干预服务,以降低进一步跌倒的风险。
六、接受NOAC治疗时发生TIA/急性缺血性卒中无需转换为另一种NOAC
与2018版指南相比,《2021版EHRA指南》更新了TIA/卒中后(重新)启动抗凝治疗流程图,建议根据患者入院时脑成像结果有无出血性转化和脑损伤程度,在不同时间(重新)启动抗凝治疗。新版指南强调在接受NOAC治疗的短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)或缺血性卒中患者中,无随机对照研究(RCT)证据显示一种NOAC优于另一种NOAC或将一种NOAC转换为另一种NOAC。

原文:https://academic.oup.com/europace/article/23/10/1612/6247378

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Objective
The objective of this study was to assess the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profles and safety of edoxaban in patients with nonvalvular atrial fbrillation (NVAF) who were hospitalized with acute heart failure (AHF).
本研究的目的是评估艾多沙班治疗急性心力衰竭(AHF)住院的非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者的药代动力学和药效学特征以及安全性。
Methods
The trough plasma concentrations of edoxaban, and the coagulation biomarkers prothrombin fragments 1 and 2 (F1+2) and d-dimer, were determined. Twenty-six patients received edoxaban 60 mg (30 mg when dose adjustment was required) and blood samples were collected immediately before oral edoxaban administration for 7 consecutive days after hospitalization and on the day of discharge.
测定艾多沙班的谷浓度以及凝血生物标志物凝血酶原片段1+2(F1+2)和 D-二聚体。26例患者接受艾多沙班60 mg(当需要时剂量调整为30 mg)在住院后和出院当天连续7天口服艾多沙班,并在服药之前收集血液样品。
Results
The mean observation period was 13 (range 7–46) days. Trough plasma concentrations of edoxaban were constant from day 2 onwards. On day 1, the variation was greater owing to the difering intervals between the last edoxaban dose and day 1 blood collection. Trough plasma concentrations were higher in patients with reduced creatinine clearance (≤ 50 mL/min). Median values for F1+2 and d-dimer remained within normal ranges throughout the study. There were no drug discontinuations, and no serious adverse events were reported.
平均观察期为13天(范围7-46)。从第2天起,艾多沙班的血浆谷浓度恒定。在第1天,由于最后一次服用艾多沙班剂量和第1天采血之间的间隔不同,谷浓度变化较大。肌酐清除率降低(≤50 mL/min)的患者血浆谷浓度较高。在整个研究中,F1+2和D-二聚体的中值保持在正常范围内,没有停药,也没有报告严重的不良事件。
Conclusions
This is the frst study of edoxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics in patients with NVAF and AHF, and shows that the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic profles of edoxaban were constant during hospitalization. Thus, even in patients with NVAF and AHF, edoxaban anticoagulation therapy with guided dose adjustment is considered to be a safe and appropriate intervention. In particular, patients with reduced creatinine clearance should adhere to dose adjustment criteria.
这是首次针对艾多沙班在NVAF合并AHF患者的药代动力学和药效学研究,显示艾多沙班的药代动力学和药效学特征在住院期间是恒定的。因此,即使在NVAF合并AHF的患者中,口服指导剂量的艾多沙班抗凝治疗是安全和恰当的干预措施。特别指出肌酐清除率降低的患者应遵守剂量调整标准。

原文:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40262-021-00999-y.pdf

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Plasma Concentration and Pharmacodynamics of Edoxaban in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation and Acute Heart Failure

Clin Pharmacokine丨2021 Mar 30

DOI: 10.1007/s40262-021-00999-y

艾多沙班在非瓣膜性心房颤动合并急性心力衰竭患者中的血药浓度和药效学研究

Atrial fibrillation (AF) often coexists with chronic kidney disease (CKD), which confer to the patient a higher risk of both thromboembolic and hemorrhagic events. Oral anticoagulation therapy, nowadays preferably with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs), represents the cornerstone for ischemic stroke prevention in high-risk patients. However, all four available DOACs (dabigatran, apixaban, rivaroxaban and edoxaban) are eliminated by the kidneys to some extent. Reduced kidney function facilitates DOACs accumulation and, therefore, different dose reductions are required, with slight differences between American and European recommendations especially in case of severe renal impairment (creatinine clearance < 30 mL/min). Overall, the use of DOACs in patients with non-end stage CKD and AF is effective similarly to warfarin, showing a better safety profile. The management of thromboembolic risk among patients with AF on dialysis remains challenging, as warfarin effectiveness for stroke prevention in this population is questionable and retrospective data on apixaban need to be confirmed on a larger scale. In kidney transplant recipients, DOACs may provide a potentially safer option compared to warfarin, but co-administration with immunosuppressants is a matter of concern.
心房颤动(AF)常与慢性肾脏疾病(CKD)共存,这会增加患者发生血栓栓塞和出血事件的风险。口服抗凝治疗,尤其是直接口服抗凝药物(DOACs)是高危患者预防缺血性脑卒中的基石。然而,所有四种可用的DOACs(达比加群、阿哌沙班、利伐沙班和艾多沙班)都在一定程度上通过肾脏清除。肾功能降低会促进DOACs的蓄积,因此需要不同的剂量调整,美国和欧洲建议的剂量略有不同,特别是在严重肾功能损害的情况下(肌酐清除<30 ml/min)。总体而言,DOACs在非终末期CKD合并AF患者中的有效性与华法林相似,显示出更好的安全性。在透析的AF患者中,血栓栓塞风险的管理仍然具有挑战性,因为华法林在这一人群中预防卒中的有效性是值得怀疑的,而阿哌沙班的回顾性研究需要更大规模的数据确认。在肾移植患者中,与华法林相比,DOACs可能是更安全的选择,但与免疫抑制剂联合用药是一个值得关注的问题。

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/1424-8247/14/3/279/htm

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Clinical Evidence for the Choice of the Direct Oral Anticoagulant in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation According to Creatinine Clearance

Pharmaceuticals (Basel)丨2021 Mar 19 

DOI:10.3390/ph14030279

根据肌酐清除率选择心房颤动患者直接口服抗凝剂的临床证据

原文:https://accp1.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/cpdd.1050

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Objective:
Edoxaban 60 mg is approved for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) not fulfilling any dose-reduction criteria. As edoxaban is partially renally cleared (≈50%), this study compared pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics of edoxaban 60 mg once daily with edoxaban 75 mg once daily in patients with AF with high renal clearance (creatinine clearance > 100 mL/min) over 12 months.
艾多沙班60 mg被批准用于无减量因素房颤患者脑卒中预防。因为艾多沙班大约50%是由肾脏排泄,此项研究对比在高肾脏清除率(肌酐清除率大于100 ml/min)患者中使用艾多沙班60 mg及75 mg(均一天一次)12个月的药效及药代动力学的差异。
Methods:
Primary PK and pharmacodynamics end points were plasma edoxaban exposure and anti-factor Xa (FXa) concentration. A population PK model estimated edoxaban exposure at steady state. Efficacy and safety outcomes included composites of stroke, transient ischemic attack, systemic embolism, and major and clinically relevant nonmajor bleeding.
主要的药代动力学及药效动力学终点事件为艾多沙班血浆暴露浓度及抗Xa因子的浓度。使用群体PK模型测量艾多沙班稳态时的暴露。有效性和安全性的结果包括卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作(TIA)、体循环栓塞以及大出血和临床相关性非大出血事件。
Results:
Of 607 patients, 303 and 304 were randomized to edoxaban 60 and 75 mg, respectively. Edoxaban 75 mg provided ≈25% higher exposure than 60 mg. This increase was accurately depicted in the population PK model; anti-factor Xa concentration correlated with edoxaban exposure. Rates of composite and individual outcomes were similarly low between doses.
607例患者中,303例患者使用60 mg艾多沙班,304例患者使用75 mg艾多沙班。服用75 mg患者的艾多沙班平均暴露浓度比60 mg组的高约25%。这种增加在群体PK模型得到了准确描述。抗Xa因子活性浓度也跟艾多沙班暴露浓度有关系。不同剂量之间的复合和个体结果发生率都比较低。
Conclusions:
In conclusion, the 25% increase in edoxaban dose (60-75 mg) resulted in ≈25% exposure increase in the 75-mg group. Higher exposure was not associated with reduced stroke risk in patients with AF with high renal clearance.
总之,患者服用75 mg的艾多沙班较服用60 mg增加了25%的浓度。高肾脏清除率房颤患者中,较高暴露浓度与降低卒中风险无关联。

Edoxaban Exposure in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Estimated Creatinine Clearance Exceeding 100 mL/min

Clin Pharmacol Drug Dev.丨2021 Dec. 7

DOI: 10.1002/cpdd.1050

艾多沙班在肌酐清除率超过100 ml/min的房颤患者中的暴露检测

Objective
To evaluate the relative efficacy and safety of different oral anticoagulant agents (OACs) for patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and chronic kidney disease (CKD).
评估不同口服抗凝剂(OACs)对心房颤动(AF)合并慢性肾病(CKD)患者的相对疗效和安全性。
Study design
Systematic review and pairwise and Bayesian network meta-analysis. Randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and observational studies that reported the efficacy and safety outcomes of subgroups with a glomerular filtration rate (GFR) <60 mL/min. Two reviewers independently abstracted data, assessed study quality, and rated the strength of evidence (SOE). Random-effects models using restricted maximum-likelihood methods were fit for the pairwise meta-analyses as well as a network meta-analysis within a Bayesian framework.
采用系统评价和成对贝叶斯网络荟萃分析。汇总了包含肾小球滤过率(GFR)<60 mL/min亚组的疗效和安全性结果的随机对照试验(RCTs)和观察性研究;使用受限最大似然法的随机效应模型适用于成对荟萃分析以及贝叶斯框架内的网络荟萃分析。
Results
Pairwise meta-analysis including 8 RCTs and 46 observational studies showed that direct OACs (DOACs) were superior to warfarin in preventing thromboembolic events (hazard ratio [HR], 0.86 [95% CI, 0.78-0.95]), without heterogeneity (I2 = 10.5%), and in reducing the risk of bleeding events (HR, 0.81 [95% CI, 0.66-0.99]), with substantial heterogeneity (I2 = 69.8%), in patients with AF and a GFR of 15-60 mL/min. Bayesian network meta-analysis including 8 RCTs showed that dose-adjusted apixaban and a 15-mg dose of edoxaban were superior to the other OAC regimens in reducing bleeding events. Dose-adjusted apixaban was more effective than edoxaban in preventing thromboembolic events for patients with AF and GFR in the range of 25-50 or 30-50 mL/min. In dialysis recipients with AF, the use of OACs increased the risk of bleeding events by 28% (HR, 1.28 [95% CI, 1.03-1.60]) without significant beneficial effects versus not using anticoagulants. anticoagulants.
包括8项随机对照试验和46项观察性研究的成对荟萃分析显示,直接作用口服抗凝剂(DOACs)在预防血栓栓塞事件方面优于华法林(HR 0.86;95%CI 0.78~0.95)无异质性(I2=10.5%),降低出血事件风险(0.81;0.66-0.99),AF和GFR为15-60 mL/min的患者具有显著的异质性(I2=69.8%)。贝叶斯网络荟萃分析包括8项随机对照试验,结果显示剂量调整后的阿哌沙班和15 mg的艾多沙班均优于其他OAC方案减少出血事件。剂量调整后的阿哌沙班在预防AF和GFR为25/30-50 mL/min的患者的血栓栓塞事件方面比艾多沙班更有效。在AF透析患者中,使用OAC可使出血事件风险增加28%(1.28;1.03-160)与不使用抗凝剂相比没有显著的获益。

原文:https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(21)00530-8/fulltext

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DOI: 10.1053/j.ajkd.2021.02.328 

Oral Anticoagulant Agents in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and CKD: A Systematic Review and Pairwise Network Meta-analysis

Am J Kidney Dis丨2021 Apr 16 

心房颤动合并CKD患者的口服抗凝剂:系统评价和成对网络荟萃分析 

Conclusions
This study suggests that DOACs are superior to warfarin for the prevention of thromboembolic events and reduction in bleeding risk in patients with AF and mild to moderate kidney disease. However, the low SOE limits the conclusions that can be drawn about the preferred DOAC. Notably, the use of OACs may increase bleeding risk without significant benefits in dialysis recipients with AF.
这项研究表明,DOAC在预防房颤合并轻至中度肾病患者的血栓栓塞事件和降低出血风险方面优于华法林。然而,由于证据强度较低,限制了可以得出关于首选DOAC的结论。值得注意的是,使用OAC可能会增加出血风险,因而对进行透析的房颤患者获益不明显。 

原文:https://www.ajkd.org/article/S0272-6386(21)00530-8/fulltext

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Anticoagulation with direct-acting oral anticoagulants (DOACs) is recommended over warfarin for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). The efficacy of DOACs over warfarin in obese patients with AF is less defined and may carry the potential for subtherapeutic anticoagulation and reduced efficacy. The best available evidence to guide DOAC use in obese patients with AF is from analysis of obese subgroups of all the major landmark DOAC trials. From these subgroup analyses of the RE-LY, ARISTOTLE, ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48, and ROCKET-AF trials, DOAC use in obese patients demonstrated efficacy similar or superior to warfarin for stroke reduction. Major bleeding rates were similar or higher with DOACs compared with warfarin in these obese subgroup analyses. Meta-analysis of the above major clinical trials concluded that DOACs were more effective compared with warfarin for stroke prevention in obese patients (up to a body mass index [BMI] of 50 kg/m2) and had lower incidence of major bleeding. The totality of evidence supports that DOACs are as effective, if not superior, to warfarin in obese patients with AF. We propose an algorithm, based on the available evidence and current guidelines, to guide the use of DOACs based on severity of obesity. Any DOAC can be used in obese patients with BMI < 40 kg/m2. In patients with a BMI of 40-50 kg/m2, warfarin should be used, but apixaban or edoxaban can be considered. In obese patients with a BMI > 50 kg/m2, warfarin should be used.
对于心房颤动(AF)患者,与华法林相比,更推荐使用直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)用于卒中预防。在肥胖的AF患者中使用DOACs对比华法林的疗效尚不明确,可能具有较弱的抗凝疗效和疗效降低的风险。指导肥胖AF患者使用DOAC的最佳证据来自对所有主要标志性DOAC试验的肥胖亚组的分析。从RE-LY、ARISTOLE、ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48和ROCKET-AF试验的这些亚组分析中,肥胖患者使用DOAC在卒中预防方面的效果与华法林相似或优于华法林。在这些肥胖亚组分析中,使用DOACs的主要出血率与使用华法林相似或更高。上述主要临床试验的荟萃分析得出结论,与华法林相比,DOACs在肥胖患者(BMI高达50 kg/m2)的卒中预防方面更有效,并且大出血发生率更低。所有的证据都支持DOACs在肥胖房颤患者中即使不优于华法林,也同样有效。我们提出了一种基于现有证据和现行指南的算法来指导基于肥胖严重程度的DOACs的使用。任何DOAC都可用于BMI<40 kg/m2的肥胖患者;在BMI为40~50 kg/m2的患者中,应使用华法林,但可以考虑阿哌沙班或艾多沙班;在BMI>50 kg/m2的肥胖患者中,应使用华法林。 

原文:https://www.onlinecjc.ca/article/S0828-282X(21)00210-5/fulltext

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Direct-Acting Oral Anticoagulant Choice for Stroke Prevention in Obese Patients With Atrial Fibrillation 

Can J Cardiol丨2021 Apr 15 

DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2021.04.004 

肥胖心房颤动患者直接口服抗凝剂预防卒中的选择 

原文:https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(21)00247-2/fulltext?__cf_chl_rt_tk=qvV.AusTfi.ABlpw6m4CRPHt_UNqNiihPPgyVkL0LOU-1643284879-0-gaNycGzNCD0

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Purpose
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are recommended in preference to vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) eligible for oral anticoagulation therapy; however, data and clinical experiences supporting the use of DOACs in patients with a body mass index ≥40 kg/m2 or weight >120 kg remain limited. The aim of this study was to evaluate the pharmacokinetic properties of DOACs in patients with AF and extreme obesity.
对于符合口服抗凝治疗条件的心房颤动(AF)患者,建议使用直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)优于维生素K拮抗剂(VKAs)预防卒中;然而,在体重指数≥40 kg/m2或者体重>120 kg患者中的研究数据或者临床经验方面仍然有限。本研究的目的是评估AF伴极度肥胖患者DOACs的药代动力学特性。
Methods
We enrolled all consecutive patients with AF and extreme obesity undergoing treatment with DOACs followed up at Monaldi Hospital, Naples, Italy. To determine peak plasma and trough levels of DOACs, plasma samples were collected at 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 12th hours from the last dose intake in patients receiving apixaban and dabigatran and at the 2nd, 4th, 6th, and 24th hours in those receiving edoxaban and rivaroxaban. The DOACs' peak and trough plasma levels obtained from our study population were compared with those sourced from pharmacokinetic studies among patients without obesity, defined as a normal reference range in the literature. If at least 1 peak or trough plasma level was found ??below or above the normal reference ranges, the patients were classified as having out-of-range DOAC plasma levels. Study population was then divided into in-range and out-of-range groups. Baseline characteristics, including DOAC treatment, were compared between the 2 groups. Univariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis were performed to identify baseline variables associated with DOACs' plasma concentration out of the expected range.
研究纳入了接受持续的DOACs治疗的AF伴极度肥胖患者。在接受阿哌沙班和达比加群的患者最后一次给药后第2,4,6和12小时,以及在接受艾多沙班和利伐沙班第2,4,6和24小时收集血浆样品。将获得的DOACs的峰谷血浆水平与来自无肥胖患者的药代动力学研究的血浆水平进行比较。如果发现至少1个峰值或谷值血浆水平低于或高于正常参考范围,则将患者分类为DOACs血浆水平超出范围。分为范围内和范围外组。比较两组的基线特征,包括DOACs治疗。进行单因素和多因素logistic回归分析以确定与DOACs血浆浓度超出预期范围相关的基线变量。

Pharmacokinetics of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Extreme Obesity 

Clin Ther丨2021 Aug 5 

DOI: 10.1016/j.clinthera.2021.07.003 

直接口服抗凝剂在心房颤动伴极度肥胖患者中的药代动力学 

原文::https://www.clinicaltherapeutics.com/article/S0149-2918(21)00247-2/fulltext?__cf_chl_rt_tk=qvV.AusTfi.ABlpw6m4CRPHt_UNqNiihPPgyVkL0LOU-1643284879-0-gaNycGzNCD0

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Finding
A total of 58 patients (mean [SD] age, 70.93 [8.73] years; 40% female) with extreme obesity (mean [SD] body mass index. 44.43 [3.54] kg/m2) and AF while undergoing DOAC treatment were included in the present study. In 9 patients (15.5 %), the DOAC plasma concentrations were out of the expected ranges (out-of-range group);, indicating a greater likelihood of edoxaban 30 mg treatment (33% vs 2%; P < 0.01) and inappropriate DOAC underdosing (56% vs 4%; P < 0.005) compared with the in-range group. According to the multivariate logistic analysis (P = 0.0011), the inappropriate DOAC underdosing (hazard ratio = 29.37; P = 0.0002) was an independent predictor of DOAC plasma levels out of the expected ranges.
共58例患者(平均[SD]年龄,70.93[8.73]岁;40%女性)极度肥胖(平均[SD]体重指数44.43[3.54] kg/m2)且接受DOACs治疗的房颤均纳入本研究。在9例患者(15.5%)中,DOACs血浆浓度超出预期范围(超出范围组);表明与范围内组相比,艾多沙班30 mg治疗(33% vs. 2%;P < 0.01)和不适当的DOACs剂量不足(56% vs. 4%;P < 0.005)的可能性更大。根据多因素logistic分析(P=0.0011),DOACs剂量不足(危险比=29.37; P = 0.0002)是DOACs血浆水平超出预期范围的独立预测因子。
Implications
Patients with extreme obesity and AF who were receiving DOAC therapy had DOAC plasma concentrations in the expected range. The inappropriate DOAC underdosing seems to be the only independent clinical factor associated with a plasma concentration of the drug out of the expected range.
接受治疗的房颤伴极度肥胖患者的DOACs血浆浓度在预期范围内。不适当的DOACs剂量不足似乎是与药物血浆浓度超出预期范围相关的唯一独立临床因素。 

Background
Limited clinical data exist describing the use of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in patient with extreme body weight. Thus, the International Society of Thrombosis and Haemostasis (ISTH) recommends avoiding DOACs in patients with weight >120 Kg, and on the contrary, no restrictions exist for underweight patients.
目前关于极端体重患者使用直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)的临床资料有限。因此,国际血栓和止血学会(ISTH)建议体重>120 Kg的患者避免使用DOACs,另一方面,对体重过轻的患者没有限制。
Objective
To evaluate the effects of extreme body weight on DOAC activity and to compare the clinical outcomes of patients with an extreme body weight versus patients with a normal weight (61-119 Kg) treated with DOACs.
评估极端体重对DOACs活性的影响,并比较极端体重患者与正常体重(61-119 Kg)患者接受DOACs治疗的临床结果。
Methods
Single tertiary care Italian centre multidisciplinary registry including nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) patients treated with DOACs. Based on weight, three subcohorts were defined: (i) underweight patients (≤60 Kg); (ii) patients with a normal weight (61-119 Kg, as control group); and (iii) overweight patients (≥120 Kg). Primary efficacy endpoint was 2-year rate of thromboembolic events. Primary safety endpoint was 2-year rate of major bleeding. Event-free survival curves among groups were compared using Cox-Mantel test.
意大利单一三级护理中心多学科登记研究纳入接受DOACs治疗的非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者。根据体重,定义三个亚队列: 1)体重不足患者(≤60 Kg); 2)体重正常(61-119 Kg,作为对照组),3)超重(≥120 Kg)。主要疗效终点是2年的血栓栓塞事件发生率。主要安全终点是2年大出血发生率。采用Cox-Mantel检验比较各组无事件生存曲线。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eci.13658

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Direct oral anticoagulants in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation and extreme body weight

Eur J Clin Invest丨2021 Jul 26

DOI:10.1111/eci.13658

直接口服抗凝剂在非瓣膜性心房颤动合并极端体重患者中的研究

Results
812 NVAF patients were included, 108 patients weighed ≤60 Kg (13%, underweight), 688 weighed between 61 and 119 Kg (85%, normal weight), and 16 weighed ≥120 Kg (2%, overweight). In particular, among underweight patients, dabigatran was prescribed in 26% patients, apixaban in 27%, rivaroxaban in 28% and edoxaban in 22% ones. Instead, among overweight patients, 44% were treated with dabigatran, 25% with apixaban, 25% with rivaroxaban and 4% with edoxaban. Underweight patients were older, more frequently women, with lower creatinine clearance and a history of previous strokes, resulting in higher CHA2DS2-VASc score than in both remaining groups. Up to 2 years, no statistically significant difference was observed between the three groups of weight for thromboembolic events (P = .765) and for overall bleeding (P = .125), but a trend towards decreased overall bleeding rates was noticed as weight increased (24.1% vs 16.7% vs 12.5%, respectively).
纳入812例NVAF患者,108例患者体重≤60 Kg(13%,体重不足),688例患者体重在61-119 Kg之间(85%,正常体重),16例体重≥120 Kg(2%,超重)。特别是在体重不足的患者中,26%的患者使用达比加群,27%使用阿哌沙班,28%使用利伐沙班,22%使用艾多沙班。相反,在超重患者中,44%接受达比加群治疗,25%接受阿哌沙班治疗,25%接受利伐沙班治疗,4%接受艾多沙班治疗。体重不足的患者年龄较大,女性较多,肌酐清除率较低,既往有卒中病史,导致CHA2DS2-VASc评分高于其余两组。截至2年,三组体重患者血栓栓塞事件(P=0.765)和总体出血(P=0.125)之间没有观察到统计学上的显著差异,但随着体重增加,总出血率有下降趋势(分别为24.1% vs. 16.7% vs. 12.5%)。
Conclusion
In this tertiary care centre registry, 15% of patients treated with DOACs presented an extreme weight. Compared to patients with a normal weight, no significant rates of thromboembolic events were observed for underweight or overweight patients. A trend towards decreased overall bleeding frequency as weight increased was highlighted up to 2 years. The present results should be considered as preliminary and hypothesis generating.
在这项三级护理中心登记研究中,15%接受DOACs治疗的患者体重超标。与正常体重的患者相比,体重过轻或超重的患者没有观察到显著的血栓栓塞事件发生率。随着体重的增加,2年期间总出血率有降低的趋势。目前的结果是一个初步和假设的结果。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/eci.13658

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Background
Extremes of body weight may alter exposure to non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants and thereby impact clinical outcomes. This ETNA-AF-Europe sub-analysis assessed 1-year outcomes in routine care patients with atrial fibrillation across a range of body weight groups treated with edoxaban.
极端体重可能会改变非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂(NOAC)的暴露,从而影响临床结果。该ETNA-AF-Europe亚组分析评估了不同体重房颤患者接受艾多沙班常规治疗1年的结果。
Methods
ETNA-AF-Europe is a multinational, multicentre, observational study conducted in 825 sites in 10 European countries. Overall, 1310, 5565, 4346 and 1446 enrolled patients were categorised into ≤60 kg, >60-≤80 kg (reference weight group), >80-≤100 kg and >100 kg groups.
ETNA-AF-Europe是一项在欧洲10个国家825家中心开展的国际、多中心、观察性研究。总的来讲,根据体重将患者分为体重≤60 kg,>60-≤80 kg(参考体重组),>80 kg-≤100 kg和>100 kg组,每组分别有1310、5565、4346和1446例患者。
Results
Patients weighing ≤60 kg were older, more frail and had a higher CHA2DS2-VASc score vs. the other weight groups. The rates of stroke/systemic embolism, major bleeding and ICH were low at 1 year (0.82, 1.05 and 0.24%/year), with no significant differences among weight groups. The annualised event rates of all-cause death were 3.50%/year in the overall population. After adjustment for eGFR and CHA2DS2-VASc score, the risk of allcause death was significantly higher in extreme weight groups vs. the reference group.
与其他体重组相比,体重≤60 kg患者年龄更大、更虚弱、CHA2DS2-VASc评分更高。1年时卒中/体循环栓塞、大出血和ICH发生率较低(0.82,1.05和0.24%/年),各体重组间差异无统计学意义。总人群中的全因死亡的年化事件率为3.50%/年。根据eGFR和CHA2DS2-VASc评分校正后,与对照组相比,极端体重组的全因死亡风险显著升高。
Conclusions
Low rates of stroke and bleeding were reported with edoxaban, independent of weight. The risk of all-cause death was higher in extremes of weight vs. the reference group after adjustment for important risk modifiers, thus no obesity paradox was observed.
接受艾多沙班治疗的患者卒中和出血事件率低,与体重无关。通过重要风险因子校正后,与参考组相比,极端体重的全因死亡风险升高,因此没有观察到肥胖悖论。

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/13/2879

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Impact of Weight on Clinical Outcomes of Edoxaban Therapy in Atrial Fibrillation Patients Included in the ETNA-AF-Europe Registry

J Clin Med丨2021 Jun 29

DOI: 10.3390/jcm10132879

体重对ETNA-AF-Europe注册研究中接受艾多沙班治疗的房颤患者临床结果的影响

Background
Frailty is often cited as a factor influencing oral anticoagulation (OAC) prescription in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). We sought to determine the prevalence of frailty and its association with OAC prescription in older veterans with NVAF.
虚弱通常被认为是影响非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者口服抗凝(OAC)药物处方的因素。我们试图确定NVAF老年退伍军人虚弱的患病率及其与OAC处方的关系。
Methods
We used ICD-9 codes in Veterans Affairs (VA) records and Medicare claims data to identify patients with NVAF and CHA2DS2VASC ≥2 receiving care between February 2010 and September 2015. We examined rates of OAC prescription, further stratified by direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) or vitamin K antagonist (VKA). Participants were characterized into 3 categories: non-frail, pre-frail, and frail based on a validated 30-item EHR-derived frailty index. We examined relations between frailty and OAC receipt; and frailty and type of OAC prescribed in regression models adjusted for factors related to OAC prescription.
我们在退伍军人事务部(VA)的记录和医疗保险索赔数据中使用ICD-9代码来识别在2010年2月至2015年9月期间进行诊疗,诊断为NVAF及CHA2DS2-VASC评分≥2的患者。我们查询了OAC处方的比率,通过直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)或维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)进一步分层。根据经过验证的30项EHR衍生虚弱指数,参与者被分为3类:非虚弱,虚弱前期和虚弱。我们研究了虚弱与OAC处方之间的关系;以及调整了OAC处方相关因素的回归模型中,衰弱和处方OAC的类型。
Results
Of 308,664 veterans with NVAF and a CHA2DS2VASC score ≥2, 121,839 (39%) were prescribed OAC (73% VKA). The mean age was 77.7 (9.6) years; CHA2DS2VASC and ATRIA scores were 4.6 (1.6) and 5.0 (2.9) respectively. Approximately a third (38%) were frail, another third (32%) were pre-frail, and the remainder were not frail. Veterans prescribed OAC were younger, had higher bleeding risk, and were less likely to be frail than participants not receiving OAC (all p's<0.001). After adjustment for factors associated with OAC use, pre-frail (OR: 0.89, 95% CI: 0.87-0.91) and frail (OR: 0.66, 95% CI: 0.64-0.68) veterans were significantly less likely to be prescribed OAC than non-frail veterans. Of those prescribed OAC, pre-frail (OR:1.27, 95% CI: 1.22-1.31) and frail (OR: 1.75, 95% CI: 1.67-1.83) veterans were significantly more likely than non-frail veterans to be prescribed a DOAC than a VKA.
NVAF且CHA2DS2-VASC评分≥2的退伍军人共308,664人,其中121,839人(39%)处方了OAC(73% VKA)。平均年龄为77.7(9.6)岁;CHA2DS2-VASC和ATRIA评分分别为4.6(1.6)和5.0(2.9)。大约三分之一(38%)身体虚弱,另外三分之一(32%)为虚弱前期,其余不虚弱。处方OAC的退伍军人更年轻,出血风险更高,并且比不接受OAC的参与者更不容易产生虚弱(所有P<0.001). 调整与OAC使用相关的因素后,虚弱前期(OR 0.89,95%CI 0.87-0.91)和虚弱(OR 0.66,95%CI 0.64-0.68)的退伍军人接受OAC治疗的可能性显著低于非虚弱的退伍军人。在那些处方OAC的人群中,虚弱前期(OR 1.27,95%CI 1.22-1.31)和虚弱(OR 1.75,95%CI 1.67-1.83)的退伍军人比非虚弱退伍军人处方DOAC更多。
Conclusion
There are high rates of frailty among older veterans with NVAF. Frailty using an EHR-derived index is associated with decreased OAC prescription.
NVAF老年退伍军人的身体虚弱率很高。使用EHR衍生指数来评估虚弱性与OAC处方减少有关。

原文:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11606-021-06834-1 

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Prevalence of Frailty and Associations with Oral Anticoagulant Prescribing in Atrial Fibrillation

J Gen Intern Med丨2021 May 4

DOI: 10.1007/s11606-021-06834-1 

心房颤动患者虚弱的发生率及其与口服抗凝剂处方的关系

Background and purpose
Data on clinical outcomes for nonvitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulant (NOACs) and warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation and cancer are limited, and patients with active cancer were excluded from randomized trials. We investigated the effectiveness and safety for NOACs versus warfarin among patients with atrial fibrillation with cancer.
非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝(NOACs)和华法林在房颤合并癌症患者中的临床结果数据有限,随机试验中排除了活动性癌症患者。我们研究了NOACs对比华法林用于房颤伴癌症患者的有效性和安全性。
Methods
In this nationwide retrospective cohort study from Taiwan National Health Insurance Research Database, we identified a total of 6274 and 1681 consecutive patients with atrial fibrillation with cancer taking NOACs and warfarin from June 1, 2012, to December 31, 2017, respectively. Propensity score stabilized weighting was used to balance covariates across study groups.
在这项来自中国台湾国民健康保险研究数据库的全国性回顾性队列研究中,我们确定从2012年6月1日至2017年12月31日使用NOACs和华法林治疗的房颤合并癌症患者分别为6274例和1681例。采用倾向评分稳定加权来平衡研究组间的协变量。
Results
There were 1031, 1758, 411, and 3074 patients treated with apixaban, dabigatran, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban, respectively. After propensity score stabilized weighting, NOAC was associated with a lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular events (hazard ratio, 0.63 [95% CI, 0.50–0.80]; P=0.0001), major adverse limb events (hazard ratio, 0.41 [95% CI, 0.24–0.70]; P=0.0010), venous thrombosis (hazard ratio, 0.37 [95% CI, 0.23–0.61]; P<0.0001), and major bleeding (hazard ratio, 0.73 [95% CI, 0.56–0.94]; P=0.0171) compared with warfarin. The outcomes were consistent with either direct thrombin inhibitor (dabigatran) or factor Xa inhibitor (apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban) use, among patients with stroke history, and among patients with different type of cancer and local, regional, or metastatic stage of cancer (P interaction >0.05). When compared with warfarin, NOAC was associated with lower risk of major adverse cardiovascular event, and venous thrombosis in patients aged <75 but not in those aged ≥75 years (P interaction <0.05).
分别有1031、1758、411和3074例患者接受阿哌沙班、达比加群、艾多沙班和利伐沙班治疗。倾向评分稳定加权后,与华法林相比,NOAC与主要不良心血管事件(风险比[HR]0.63(95%CI 0.50-0.80);P=0.0001)、主要不良肢体事件(HR 0.41[95%CI 0.24-0.70];P=0.0010)、静脉血栓形成(HR 0.37[95%CI 0.23-0.61];P<0.0001)和大出血(HR 0.73[95%CI 0.56-0.94];P=0.0171)风险较低相关。在有卒中史、不同类型的癌症以及局部、区域或转移性癌症的患者中,结果与直接凝血酶抑制剂(达比加群)或因子Xa抑制剂(阿哌沙班、艾多沙班和利伐沙班)的使用一致(P交互作用>0.05)。与华法林相比,在年龄<75岁的患者中,NOAC与主要心血管不良事件和静脉血栓形成的风险较低相关,但在年龄≥75岁的老年患者中则不相关(交互P<0.05)。
Conclusions
Thromboprophylaxis with NOACs rather than warfarin should be considered for the majority of the atrial fibrillation population with cancer.
对于大多数房颤合并癌症的患者,应考虑使用NOACs而不是华法林进行血栓栓塞预防。

原文:

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Clinical Outcomes in Atrial Fibrillation Patients With a History of Cancer Treated With Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants:A Nationwide Cohort Study

Stroke丨2021 Jul 8

DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033470

非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂治疗有癌症病史的心房颤动患者的临床结果:一项全国性队列研究

原文:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2782526

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Importance
Adherence to oral anticoagulants (OACs) per guideline recommendations is crucial in reducing ischemic stroke and systemic thromboembolism in high-risk patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation. However, data on OAC use are underreported in China.
根据指南建议坚持口服抗凝剂(OACs)对于减少缺血性卒中合并心房颤动高危患者的缺血性卒中和全身性血栓栓塞至关重要。然而,缺乏有关OAC使用数据在中国的报道。
Objective
To assess adherence to the Chinese Stroke Association or the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's clinical management guideline-recommended prescription of OACs, the temporal improvement in adherence, and the risk factors associated with OAC prescriptions.
评估对中国卒中协会或美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会临床管理指南推荐的OAC处方的依从性,依从性的时间改善以及与OAC处方相关的风险因素。
Design, setting, and participants
This quality improvement study was conducted at 1430 participating hospitals in the Chinese Stroke Center Alliance (CSCA) among patients with ischemic stroke and atrial fibrillation enrolled in the CSCA between August 1, 2015, and July 31, 2019.
这项质量改进研究于2015年8月1日至2019年7月31日在中国卒中中心联盟(CSCA)的1430家参与医院进行,研究对象为CSCA入选的缺血性卒中合并心房颤动患者。
Main outcomes and measures
Adherence to the Chinese Stroke Association or the American Heart Association/American Stroke Association's clinical management guideline-recommended prescribing of OACs (warfarin and non-vitamin K OACs, including dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) at discharge.
遵守中国卒中协会或美国心脏协会/美国卒中协会的临床管理指南,建议在出院时开具OAC(华法林和非维生素K口服抗凝剂,包括达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班)。
Results
Among 35 767 patients (18 785 women [52.5%]; mean [SD] age, 75.5 [9.2] years) with previous atrial fibrillation at admission, the median CHA2DS2-VASc (cardiac failure or dysfunction, hypertension, age 65-74 [1 point] or ≥75 years [2 points], diabetes, and stroke, transient ischemic attack or thromboembolism [2 points]-vascular disease, and sex category [female]) score was 4.0 (interquartile range, 3.0-5.0); 6303 (17.6%) were taking OACs prior to hospitalization for stroke, a rate that increased from 14.3% (20 of 140) in the third quarter of 2015 to 21.1% (118 of 560) in the third quarter of 2019 (P < .001 for trend). Of 49 531 eligible patients (26 028 men [52.5%]; mean [SD] age, 73.4 [10.4] years), 20 390 (41.2%) had an OAC prescription at discharge, an increase from 23.2% (36 of 155) in the third quarter of 2015 to 47.1% (403 of 856) in the third quarter of 2019 (P < .001 for trend). Warfarin was the most commonly prescribed OAC (11 956 

Assessment of Trends in Guideline-Based Oral Anticoagulant Prescription for Patients With Ischemic Stroke and Atrial Fibrillation in China

JAMA Netw Open丨2021 Jul 1

DOI:10.1001/jamanetworkopen.2021.18816

中国缺血性卒中合并心房颤动患者基于指南的口服抗凝处方趋势评估 

原文:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2782526

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[24.2%]) and had the largest temporal increase (from 5.8% [9 of 155] to 20.7% [177 of 856]). Older age (adjusted odds ratio [aOR] per 5 year increase, 0.89;95% CI, 0.89-0.90), lower levels of education (aOR for below elementary school, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.74-0.95 ), lower income (aOR for ≤¥1000 [$154], 0.66; 95% CI, 0.59-0.73), having new rural cooperative medical scheme insurance (aOR, 0.92; 95% CI, 0.87-0.96), prior antiplatelet use (aOR, 0.70; 95% CI, 0.66-0.74), having several cardiovascular comorbid conditions (including stroke or transient ischemic attack [aOR, 0.78; 95% CI, 0.75-0.82], hypertension [aOR, 0.84; 95% CI, 0.80-0.89], diabetes [aOR, 0.91; 95% CI, 0.83-0.99], dyslipidemia [aOR, 0.87; 95% CI, 0.80-0.94], carotid stenosis [aOR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.69-0.98], and peripheral vascular disease [aOR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.71-0.90]), and admission to secondary hospitals (aOR, 0.71; 95% CI, 0.68-0.74) or hospitals located in the central region of China (aOR, 0.80; 95% CI, 0.75-0.84) were associated with not being prescribed an OAC at discharge.
35,767例患者(18,785例女性(52.5%);平均[SD]年龄75.5[9.2]岁)入院时既往有房颤,CHA2DS2-VASc(心力衰竭或心功能障碍[1分],高血压[1分],年龄65-74[1分]或≥75年[2分],糖尿病和既往卒中病史,短暂性脑缺血发作或血栓栓塞[2分]-血管性疾病[1分]和性别 [女性] [1分])评分中位数为4.0(四分位间距,3.0-5.0);6303例(17.6%)在卒中住院前服用OACs,这一比例从2015年第三季度的14.3%(20/140)上升到2019年第三季度的21.1%(118/560)(趋势P<.001)。49,531例符合条件的患者(26,028例男性[52.5%];平均[SD]年龄73.4[10.4]岁)中,20,390(41.2%)例出院时有处方OAC,从2015年第三季度的23.2%(155个中的36个)增加到2019年第三季度的47.1%(856个中的403个)(趋势P<.001)。华法林是最常用的OACs(11,956[24.2%]),并且增量最多(从5.8%[155/9]到20.7%[856/177])。年龄较高(调整后的比值比[aOR]每5年增加0.89;95%CI 0.89~0.90),文化程度较低(小学学历以下的aOR 0.84;95%CI 0.74-0.95),低收入(≤¥1000 [$154]的aOR 0.66;95%CI 0.59~0.73),有新的农村合作医疗保险(aOR 0.92;95%CI 0.87~0.96),既往使用过抗血小板药物(aOR 0.70;95%CI 0.66~0.74),合并多种心血管疾病(包括卒中或短暂性脑缺血发作[aOR 0.78;95%CI 0.75-0.82],高血压[aOR 0.84;95%CI 0.80-0.89],糖尿病[aOR 0.91;95%CI 0.83-0.99,血脂异常[aOR 0.87;95%CI 0.80-0.94],颈动脉狭窄[aOR 0.83;95%CI 0.69-0.98]和外周血管疾病[aOR 0.80;95%CI 0.71-0.90])和二级医院入院(aOR 0.71;95%CI 0.68~0.74)或位于中国中部地区的医院(aOR 0.80;95%CI 0.75-0.84)与出院时未开具OACs有关。
Conclusions and relevance
This quality improvement study suggests that, despite significant improvement over time, OAC prescriptions remained low. Efforts to increase OAC prescriptions, especially non-vitamin K OACs, are needed for vulnerable subgroups by age, socioeconomic status, and presence of comorbid conditions.
这项关于质量改进的研究表明,尽管随着时间的推移显著改善,OACs处方率仍然很低。根据年龄、社会经济地位和是否存在共病情况,需要努力增加OACs处方,尤其是NOACs,以满足弱势人群的需求。

Propose
Patients with stroke are at high risk of recurrence of vascular events. Non-vitamin K oral anticoagulant (NOAC) and vitamin K antagonists (VKA) are used as secondary prophylaxis. The aim of this study was to evaluate the utilization of NOAC and VKA, and their impact on re-stroke or death in Austria.
卒中患者血管事件复发的风险很高。非维生素K口服抗凝剂(NOAC)和维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)可作为二级预防药物。本研究的目的是评估奥地利NOAC和VKA的使用情况及其对卒中复发或死亡的影响。
Methods
We analyzed retrospective data between 2012 and 2017 from medical services covered by the health insurance funds, which provides health care for all residents in Austria. Patients without anticoagulant medication 3 months preceding the index event were eligible.
我们分析了2012年-2017年医疗保险基金所覆盖的医疗服务的回顾性数据,该数据为奥地利所有居民提供医疗服务。在指标性事件发生前三个月未接受抗凝治疗的患者均被纳入。
Results
76 354 patients were discharged with a hospital diagnosis of stroke. From these, 16 436 patients with a median age of 78 years received VKA or NOAC. After adjustment, the recurrence of stroke was less frequent in patients with NOAC com-pared to those with VKA (HR 0.87; 95%CI 0.77–0.97). However, there was no difference in mortality rate after adjustment for age, sex, and comorbidities for patients with NOAC (HR 1.0; 95%CI 0.92–1.08). Diabetes (HR 1.25, 95%CI 1.08–1.45; HR 1.25, 95% CI 1.13–1.38) and cardiovascular disease (HR 1.43, 95%CI 1.24–1.65; HR 1.27, 95%CI 1.16–1.39) were significantly associated with re-stroke or death. Younger age (p=0.0028; HR 0.99, 95%CI 0.99–0.99) was significantly associated with re-stroke, and advanced age (p< 0.0001; HR 1.09, 95%CI 1.08–1.09) with death.
76,354例在医院诊断为卒中的出院患者。这些患者中,16,436例接受VKA或NOAC治疗,中位年龄78岁。校正后,接受NOAC治疗的患者卒中复发率低于接受VKA治疗的患者(HR 0.87;95%CI 0.77-0.97)。然而,接受NOAC治疗的患者通过年龄、性别和合并症校正后的死亡率无明显差异(HR 1.0;95%CI 0.92-1.08)。糖尿病 (HR 1.25,95%CI 1.08-1.45;HR 1.25,95% CI 1.13-1.38)和心血管疾病 (HR 1.43, 95%CI 1.24-1.65;HR 1.27,95%CI 1.16-1.39)与卒中复发或死亡明显相关。较低年龄(P=0.0028;HR 0.99,95%CI 0.99-0.99)与卒中复发明显相关,较高年龄(P<0.0001;HR 1.09,95%CI 1.08-1.09)与死亡相关。
Conclusion
NOAC prescription is related with a reduced risk of re-stroke but increased mortality compared to patients with VKA. The event risk is associated with diabetes, cardiovascular disease and age.
与使用VKA的患者相比,处方NOAC与卒中复发风险下降相关,但会增加死亡率。事件风险与糖尿病、心血管疾病和年龄相关。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/pds.5296

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Oral anticoagulant therapy and outcome in patients withstroke. A retrospective nation-wide cohort study in Austria2012–2017

Pharmacoepidemiol Drug Saf丨2021 May 22

DOI: 10.1002/pds.5296

卒中患者的口服抗凝治疗和预后——2012-2017年奥地利全国回顾性队列研究

The aim of this survey is to provide a snapshot of current practice regarding antithrombotic therapy (ATT) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) comorbid with intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH). An online survey was distributed to members of the European Heart Rhythm Association. A total of 163 clinicians responded, mostly cardiologists or electrophysiologists (87.7%), predominantly working in University hospitals (61.3%). Most respondents (47.2%) had seen one to five patients with AF comorbid with ICH in the last 12 months. Among patients sustaining an ICH on oral anticoagulation (OAC), 84.3% respondents would consider some form of ATT post-ICH, with 73.2% preferring to switch from a vitamin-K antagonist (VKA) to a non-VKA oral anticoagulant (NOAC) and 37.2% preferring to switch from one NOAC to another. Most (36.6%) would restart OAC >30 days post-ICH. Among patients considered unable to take OAC, left atrial appendage occlusion procedure was the therapy of choice in 73.3% respondents. When deciding on ATT, respondents considered patient’s CHA2DS2-VASc score, ICH type, demographics, risk factors, and patient adherence. The main reason for not restarting or commencing ATT was concern about recurrent ICH (80.8%). National or international clinical guidelines would be advantageous to support decision-making (84.3%). Other helpful resources reported were multidisciplinary team involvement (46.9%) and patient education (82%). In summary, most survey respondents would prescribe OAC therapy for patients with AF who have sustained an ICH on OAC and would restart OAC >30 days post-ICH. The risk of recurrent ICH was the main reason for not prescribing any ATT post-ICH.
本项调研的目的是提供目前关于房颤(AF)合并颅内出血(ICH)患者抗血栓治疗(ATT)实践的快照。在线调研分发给了欧洲心律协会的成员。共有163名临床医生作出回应,主要是心脏病专家或电生理学家(87.7%),主要在大学医院工作(61.3%)。大多数受访者(47.2%)在过去12个月中曾遇到1-5例AF合并ICH的患者。在接受口服抗凝药(OAC)治疗的ICH 患者中,84.3%的受访者会考虑ICH后给予某种形式的ATT,73.2%的受访者倾向于从维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)转换为非VKA口服抗凝剂(NOAC),37.2%的人倾向于从一种NOAC切换到另一种NOAC。大部分(36.6%)会在ICH 30天后重新启动OAC治疗。在被认为无法服用OAC的患者中,73.3%的受访者选择左心耳封堵术。在决定ATT时,受访者会考虑患者的CHA2DS2-VASc评分、ICH类型、人口统计学、风险因素和患者依从性。不重新启动或开始ATT的主要原因是担心ICH复发(80.8%)。国家或国际临床指南将对决策做出有利的支持(84.3%)。报告的其他有用资源是多学科团队的参与(46.9%)和患者教育(82%)。总之,大多数受访者将为ICH后AF患者在ICH 30天后重新启动OAC治疗。ICH复发的风险是ICH后未处方任何ATT的主要原因。

原文:https://academic.oup.com/europace/article-abstract/23/5/806/6124844?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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Antithrombotic therapy for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation who survive an intracerebral haemorrhage: results of an EHRA survey

EP Europace丨2021 May 21

DOI: 10.1093/europace/euaa423

颅内出血后房颤患者卒中预防的抗血栓治疗:EHRA 调查结果

Background
Data are limited on patient background characteristics associated with catheter ablation (CA)-related bleeding events in Japanese patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation receiving uninterrupted periprocedural edoxaban. This subanalysis of the KYU-RABLE study focused on univariate and multivariate analyses to identify correlations between bleeding events and baseline patient demographics and CA-related characteristics.
在接受不间断围手术期艾多沙班治疗的日本非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中,与导管消融(CA)期间出血事件相关的患者背景特征的数据有限。KYU-RABLE研究的这个亚组分析是通过单变量和多变量分析,以确定出血事件与基线患者特征及CA相关特征之间的相关性。
Methods
Patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) enrolled from the KYU-RABLE study were included in the study. We performed univariate and multivariate analyses to investigate the correlation of major, minor, and clinically relevant non-major bleeding events with the patient baseline data at enrollment, and with CA procedures.
纳入KYU-RABLE研究的患者为非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者。我们进行了单变量和多变量分析,以调查大出血、小出血和临床相关的非大出血事件与入选时患者基线数据以及CA手术的相关性。
Results
A total of 513 NVAF patients were included in the full analysis set. Univariate analysis showed that the incidence of the bleeding events was higher in patients with HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 compared with those with a score < 3 (odds ratio [OR]: 9.48, 95% CI: 2.36-38.01; p = 0.002), in those with creatinine clearance (CrCL) ≤50 mL/min compared with those with CrCL > 50 mL/min (OR: 10.59, 95% CI: 3.65-30.79; p < 0.0001), and in those receiving edoxaban 30 mg compared with those receiving edoxaban 60 mg (OR: 3.49, 95% CI: 1.18-10.38; p = 0.025). Multivariate analysis showed that HAS-BLED score ≥ 3 (OR: 7.93, 95% CI: 1.66-37.88; p = 0.0094) and CrCl ≤ 50 mL/min (OR: 7.78, 95% CI: 2.17-27.90; p = 0.0016) were significant predictors of bleeding events among KYU-RABLE patients.
共有513例NVAF患者纳入分析。单因素分析显示相较于HAS-BLED评分<3分的患者,HAS-BLED评分>3分的患者出血事件的发生率更高;(优势比[OR] 9.48,95%CI 2.36-38.01;P=0.002),相较于肌酐清除率(CrCL)>50 mL/min的患者,CrCL≤50 mL/min的患者出血事件的发生率更高(OR 10.59,95%CI 3.65-30.79;P<0.0001);相较于接受艾多沙班60 mg的患者,接受艾多沙班30 mg的患者出血事件的发生率更高(OR 3.49, 95%CI 1.18-10.38;P=0.025)。多变量分析显示HAS-BLED得分≥ 3(OR 7.93,95%CI 1.66~37.88;P=0.0094)及CrCl≤ 50 mL/min(OR 7.78,95%CI 2.17-27.90;P =0.0016)是KYU-RABLE患者出血事件的重要预测因子。
Conclusions
These predictors of CA-related bleeding events may allow informed decision-making and better AF patient selection for CA with uninterrupted periprocedural edoxaban.
这些CA相关出血事件的预测因子或许可以为CA围手术期不间断应用艾多沙班提供证据支持的决策和为不同的AF患者提供合适的用药选择。 

原文:https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/track/pdf/10.1186/s12959-021-00305-7.pdf

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Factors associated with bleeding events during catheter ablation with uninterrupted periprocedural edoxaban for atrial fibrillation: a subanalysis of the KYU-RABLE study

Thromb J丨2021 Aug 3

DOI:10.1186/s12959-021-00305-7

房颤患者导管消融围手术期不间断服用艾多沙班出血事件的相关因素:KYU-RAGE研究的亚组分析 

原文: http://jafib.com/published.php?type=full&id=20200445

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Aim:
Catheter ablation in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF)/atrial flutter carries a risk of thromboembolism and major bleeding. In light of recent prospective trial data on the safety and efficacy of uninterrupted edoxaban in patients undergoing AF/flutter ablation, real-world Data was aimed for validation.
心房颤动(AF)/心房扑动患者的导管消融存在血栓栓塞和大出血的风险。根据最近艾多沙班不间断治疗行消融的AF/房扑患者的安全性和有效性前瞻性试验数据,真实世界的数据旨在对此进行验证。
Methods:
A total of 228 patients who underwent AF/atrial flutter ablation over 14 months at our centre were retrospectively analyzed. All patients received uninterrupted oral anticoagulation for at least 4 weeks prior to ablation and 3 months post-ablation. Both bleeding and thromboembolic events were assessed at 24 hours comparing patients on warfarin, rivaroxaban and edoxaban.
本中心228例接受房颤/房扑消融治疗后超过14个月的患者接受了此项回顾性分析。所有患者在消融前至少4周和消融后3个月接受不间断的口服抗凝治疗。评估并比较华法林、利伐沙班和艾多沙班治疗的患者24小时的出血和血栓栓塞事件。
Results:
Mean age of patients were 68.5 +/-8 years in the warfarin group ( N =86), 63.4 +/-10.6 years; in the edoxaban group ( N =63) and 62.3 +/-11.6 years in the rivaroxaban group ( N =79). CHA2DS2VASc scores were 2.43 +/-1.34, 1.68 +/-1.34 and 1.64 +/-1.38 respectively. The mean left atrial sizes were 42.7 +/-6.8 mm, 42.0 +/-6 mm and 41.1 +/-6.5 mm respectively. The study endpoint was death, acute thromboembolism or major bleeding. There was 1 pericardial effusion (1.2%) in the warfarin group, 1 pericardial effusion and 1 transient ischaemic attack (2.5%) in the rivaroxaban group and 1 pericardial effusion needing drainage (1.6%) in the edoxaban group. There were no significant differences in the study endpoints between groups.
华法林组患者的平均年龄为68.5+/-8岁(N=86);艾多沙班组为63.4+/-10.6岁(N=63)和利伐沙班组为62.3+/-11.6岁(N=79)。CHA2DS2-VASc评分分别为2.43+/-1.34,1.68+/-1.34和1.64+/-1.38。平均左心房大小分别为42.7+/-6.8 mm,42.0+/-6 mm和41.1+/-6.5 mm。研究终点是死亡、急性血栓栓塞或大出血。华法林组有1例心包积液(1.2%),利伐沙班组有1例心包积液和1例短暂性脑缺血发作(2.5%),艾多沙班组有1例需要引流的心包积液(1.6%)。研究终点无显著组间差异。
Conclusion:
This real-world study demonstrated no significant difference in safety and efficacy between uninterrupted edoxaban, warfarin and rivaroxaban in patients undergoing AF/flutter ablation.
这项真实世界的研究表明,在接受消融的AF/房扑患者中,不间断使用艾多沙班、华法林和利伐沙班之间的安全性和有效性没有显著差异。

UBLED AF (Uninterrupted Blackpool EDoxaban vs Warfarin vs Rivaroxaban in Atrial Fibrillation/Flutter ablation) Study

J AtrFibrillation丨2021 Aug 31

DOI 10.1186/s12959-021-00351-1

UBLED AF(布莱克浦心房颤动/扑动消融患者不间断使用艾多沙班 vs. 华法林 vs. 利伐沙班)研究

原文:https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2111016

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Background
The role of direct oral anticoagulants as compared with vitamin K antagonists for atrial fibrillation after successful transcatheter aortic-valve replacement (TAVR) has not been well studied.
目前尚缺乏充分研究对比口服直接抗凝剂和维生素K拮抗剂对经导管主动脉瓣置换术(TAVR)成功后的心房颤动发挥的作用。
Methods
We conducted a multicenter, prospective, randomized, open-label, adjudicator-masked trial comparing edoxaban with vitamin K antagonists in patients with prevalent or incident atrial fibrillation as the indication for oral anticoagulation after successful TAVR. The primary efficacy outcome was a composite of adverse events consisting of death from any cause, myocardial infarction, ischemic stroke, systemic thromboembolism, valve thrombosis, or major bleeding. The primary safety outcome was major bleeding. On the basis of a hierarchical testing plan, the primary efficacy and safety outcomes were tested sequentially for noninferiority, with noninferiority of edoxaban established if the upper boundary of the 95% confidence interval for the hazard ratio did not exceed 1.38. Superiority testing of edoxaban for efficacy would follow if noninferiority and superiority were established for major bleeding。
我们开展了一项裁定者设盲的多中心、前瞻性、随机、开放标签试验,本试验在TAVR成功后有口服抗凝适应证的复发或新发心房颤动患者中比较了艾多沙班和维生素K拮抗剂。主要疗效结局是由不良事件(全因死亡、心肌梗死、缺血性卒中、体循环血栓栓塞、瓣膜血栓形成或大出血)构成的复合结局。主要安全性结局是大出血。基于分级检验计划,我们对主要疗效和安全性结局依次进行了非劣效性检验,如果风险比的95%置信区间上限不超过1.38,则确定艾多沙班具有非劣效性。如果艾多沙班疗效为非劣效,则进行优效性检验,对大出血进行优效性检验。
Results
A total of 1426 patients were enrolled (713 in each group). The mean age of the patients was 82.1 years, and 47.5% of the patients were women. Almost all the patients had atrial fibrillation before TAVR. The rate of the composite primary efficacy outcome was 17.3 per 100 person-years in the edoxaban group and 16.5 per 100 person-years in the vitamin K antagonist group (hazard ratio, 1.05; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.85 to 1.31; P =0.01 for noninferiority). Rates of major bleeding were 9.7 per 100 person-years and 7.0 per 100 person-years, respectively (hazard ratio, 1.40; 95% CI, 1.03 to 1.91; P = 0.93 for noninferiority); the difference between groups was mainly due to more gastrointestinal bleeding with edoxaban. Rates of death from any cause or stroke were 10.0 per 100 person-years in the 

Edoxaban versus Vitamin K Antagonist for Atrial Fibrillation after TAVR

N Engl J Med丨2021 Aug 28.

DOI: 10.1056/NEJMoa2111016

艾多沙班与维生素K拮抗剂在TAVR术后房颤患者中应用的比较

原文:https://www.nejm.org/doi/10.1056/NEJMoa2111016

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edoxaban group and 11.7 per 100 person-years in the vitamin K antagonist group (hazard ratio, 0.85; 95% CI, 0.66 to 1.11).
共计1426例患者被纳入本试验(每组713例)。患者平均年龄为82.1岁,女性占47.5%。几乎所有患者在TAVR之前已有心房颤动。艾多沙班组的复合主要疗效结局发生率为17.3/100人-年,维生素K拮抗剂组为16.5/100人-年(风险比[HR] 1.05;95%置信区间[CI] 0.85~1.31;非劣效性的P=0.01)。两组的大出血发生率分别为9.7/100人-年和7.0/100人-年(HR 1.40;95%CI 1.03~1.91;非劣效性的P=0.93);组间差异主要是由于艾多沙班组的消化道出血较多。艾多沙班组的全因死亡或卒中的发生率为10.0/100人-年,维生素K拮抗剂组为11.7/100人-年(HR 0.85;95%CI 0.66~1.11)。
Conclusions
In patients with mainly prevalent atrial fibrillation who underwent successful TAVR, edoxaban was non inferior to vitamin K antagonists as determined by a hazard ratio margin of 38% for a composite primary outcome of adverse clinical events. The incidence of major bleeding was higher with edoxaban than with vitamin K antagonists
在TAVR成功后以复发性心房颤动为主的患者中,对于由临床不良事件构成的复合主要结局,本试验根据38%的风险比界值确定艾多沙班不劣于维生素K拮抗剂。艾多沙班组的大出血发生率高于维生素K拮抗剂组。

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/2075-4426/11/10/1013/htm

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The study aimed to assess the risk of myocardial infarction (MI) and major adverse cardiac events during non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOAC) compared to warfarin therapy in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), both treated and not treated with percutaneous coronary interventions (PCI). In a systematic search, we selected eight randomized clinical trials with a total of 81,943 patients. Dabigatran, compared to warfarin, significantly increased the risk of MI (relative risk [RR] 1.38, 95% CI 1.14–1.67), while the FXa inhibitors’ effect did not differ significantly from warfarin (RR 0.96, 95% CI 0.86–1.09). The RR comparison between analyzed subgroups (dabigatran vs. FXa inhibitors) showed a significant difference (Chi2 = 9.51, df = 1, p = 0.002). In a network meta-analysis, dabigatran 110 mg b.i.d. increased the risk of MI compared to warfarin, apixaban, edoxaban, and rivaroxaban. Also, dabigatran 150 mg b.i.d. increased the risk of MI compared to warfarin, apixaban, and rivaroxaban. Moreover, we tried to estimate the treatment ranking of the best therapy for MI prevention in patients with AF treated with PCI. Rivaroxaban had a 90% probability of being ranked the best therapy for MI prevention, whereas dabigatran 110 mg had an 8.2% probability. Dabigatran 150 mg was the most effective in stroke prevention (94% probability). Each NOAC is associated with a different risk of MI. Furthermore, we should consider FXa inhibitors as the first line NOACs in AF and coronary artery disease patients.
该研究旨在评估非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂(NOAC)与华法林治疗心房颤动(AF)合并或不合并经皮冠状动脉介入治疗(PCI)的患者相比,心肌梗死(MI)和主要不良心脏事件的风险。在系统搜索中,我们选择了8项随机临床试验,共81,943名患者。与华法林相比,达比加群酯显著增加MI风险(相对风险[RR] 1.38,95%CI 1.14-1.67),而Xa因子抑制剂与华法林相比无显著差异(RR 0.96,95%CI 0.86-1.09)。亚组分析(达比加群酯与Xa因子抑制剂)之间的RR比较显示出显著差异(Chi2=9.51,df=1,P=0.002)。在网络荟萃分析中,与华法林、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班和利伐沙班相比,达比加群酯110 mg b.i.d和150 mg b.i.d均增加了MI的风险。此外,我们试图评估房颤合并PCI患者预防心肌梗死最佳治疗方案的排名。利伐沙班有90%的概率被列为MI预防的最佳疗法,而达比加群酯110 mg的概率为8.2%。达比加群酯150 mg在卒中预防中最有效(概率为94%)。每个NOAC都与MI的不同程度风险相关联。因此,我们应该考虑Xa因子抑制剂作为AF合并冠状动脉疾病患者的一线NOAC。

Non-Vitamin K Antagonist Oral Anticoagulants and Risk of Myocardial Infarction in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation with or without Percutaneous Coronary Interventions: A Meta-Analysis

J Pers Med丨2021 Oct 9

DOI:10.3390/jpm11101013

在伴或不伴PCI的房颤患者中使用非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂(NOAC)的心肌梗死风险:一项Meta分析

原文:https://academic.oup.com/ehjcvp/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab089/6486440?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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Aims:
In patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), peripheral artery disease (PAD) is associated with higher rates of stroke and bleeding. Both higher-dose edoxaban (60/30mg) and lower-dose edoxaban (30/15) were non-inferior to warfarin for stroke/systemic embolism (SEE) and significantly reduced major bleeding in AF patients in the ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48 trial. Whether the efficacy and safety of these dosing strategies versus warfarin are consistent in patients with AF and PAD has not been described.
在房颤(AF)患者中,外周动脉疾病(PAD)与卒中和出血发生率较高有关。在ENGAGE-AF TIMI 48试验中,高剂量艾多沙班(60/30 mg)和低剂量艾多沙班(30/15)在卒中/体循环栓塞(SEE)方面均不劣于华法林,并显著减少AF患者的大出血风险。这些给药策略对比华法林的疗效和安全性在AF合并PAD患者中是否一致尚未被描述。
Methods and results:
Of 21,105 patients with AF randomized to warfarin, edoxaban60/30mg or edoxaban30/15mg, 841 were identified with PAD. Endpoints included major adverse cardiovascular events (MACE), SSE, and major bleeding. Patients with PAD had higher risk of MACE (HRadj1.33, 95% CI 1.12-1.57, p = 0.001) and CV death (HRadj1.49, 95%CI 1.21-1.83, p<0.001) than those without PAD, but not major bleeding. The efficacy of edoxaban60/30mg vs. warfarin was consistent regardless of PAD (SSE HR; PAD 1.16, 95% CI 0.42-3.20; no-PAD 0.86, 95% CI 0.74-1.02, p-interaction 0.57) as was major bleeding (PAD 0.96 95% CI 0.54-1.70; no-PAD 0.80. 95% CI 0.70-0.91, p-interaction 0.54). Edoxaban30/15mg was inferior for SSE with significant heterogeneity when stratified by PAD status (p-interaction 0.039).
在21,105例随机接受华法林、艾多沙班60/30 mg或艾多沙班30/15 mg的房颤患者中,841例被诊断合并PAD。终点包括主要不良心血管事件(MACE)、SSE和大出血。合并PAD患者发生MACE(HRadj 1.33, 95%CI 1.12-1.57,P=0.001)和心血管死亡(HRadj 1.49, 95%CI 1.21-1.83,P<0.001)的风险高于没有合并PAD患者,而大出血风险没有差异。无论是否合并PAD,艾多沙班60/30 mg对比华法林的疗效和大出血风险是一致的(栓塞风险HR:合并PAD 1.16, 95%CI 0.42-3.20;不合并PAD 0.86,95%CI 0.74-1.02,P-相互作用 0.57),(大出血风险HR:合并PAD 0.96,95%CI 0.54-1.70;无PAD 0.80,95%CI 0.70-0.91,P-相互作用 0.54)。按PAD分层时,艾多沙班30/15 mg对于SSE预防效果更差,具有显著的异质性(P-相互作用0.039)。
Conclusion:
Patients with AF and PAD are at heightened risk of MACE and CV death versus those without PAD. The efficacy and safety of edoxaban60/30mg versus warfarin in AF is consistent regardless of PAD; however, edoxaban30/15mg is inferior for stroke prevention in AF patients with PAD.
AF合并PAD患者与不合并PAD的患者相比,MACE和CV死亡风险增加。无论合并或不合并PAD,艾多沙班60/30 mg对比华法林在房颤中的疗效和安全性是一致的;然而,艾多沙班30/15 mg在PAD合并房颤患者卒中预防方面较差。

Ischemic and bleeding risk in atrial fibrillation with and without peripheral artery disease and efficacy and safety of full and half-dose Edoxaban vs. Warfarin: insights from ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48

EurHeart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother丨2021 Dec 28

DOI:10.1093/ehjcvp/pvab089

伴和不伴外周动脉疾病的心房颤动患者缺血性和出血风险以及全剂量和半剂量艾多沙班 vs. 华法林的疗效和安全性:来自ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48的见解

Background:
In the clinical setting, the economic benefits of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in elderly patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) remain unclear. This study aimed to estimate and compare the cost-effectiveness of DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) and vitamin K antagonists (VKAs; warfarin) in preventing stroke among AF patients aged >75 years in real-world practice.
在临床上,直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)对老年心房颤动(AF)患者的经济效益尚不清楚。本研究旨在评估和比较DOACs(达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班)和维生素K拮抗剂(华法林)在真实世界实践中对>75岁老年房颤患者,预防卒中的成本效益。
Methods:
A Markov model with a 10-year span was constructed to estimate the long-term clinical and economic outcomes among AF patients aged >75 years treated with DOACs and warfarin. The study was populated with a hypothetical cohort of 10,000 AF patients aged >75 years. Probabilities of clinical outcomes were obtained from the pooled observational studies (OSs), comparing DOACs (dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban) with VKAs. Other model inputs, including the utilities and the costs, were all estimated from public sources and the published literature. The costs, quality-adjusted life-years (QAYLs), and incremental cost-effectiveness ratios (ICER) were estimated for each treatment strategy. Subgroup analyses of individual DOACs and the scenario analysis were performed. Uncertainty was evaluated by deterministic sensitivity analysis and probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA).
建立跨越10年的Markov模型来评估用DOACs和华法林治疗>75岁老年患者的长期临床和经济结果。该研究纳入了10,000例>75岁老年房颤患者的假设队列。临床结果的概率来自汇总观察性研究(OS),比较DOACs(达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班)与VKA。其他模型输入,包括公用事业和成本,都是从公共来源和已发表的文献中估算出来的。对每种治疗策略的成本、质量调整寿命年(QAYLs)和增量成本-效益比(ICER)进行了估算。对每种DOAC进行亚组分析和情景分析。采用确定性灵敏度分析和概率灵敏度分析(PSA)对不确定度进行评定。

原文:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.675200/full

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Cost-Effectiveness Analysis of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Vs. Vitamin K Antagonists in the Elderly With Atrial Fibrillation: Insights From the Evidence in a Real-World Setting

Front Cardiovasc Med丨2021 Jun 29

DOI:10.3389/fcvm.2021.675200

老年心房颤动患者使用直接口服抗凝剂与维生素K拮抗剂的成本效益分析:来自真实世界证据的见解

原文:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fcvm.2021.675200/full

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Results:
Compared to warfarin, DOACs were associated with a gain of 0.36 QALY at an additional cost of $15,234.65, resulting in an ICER of $42,318.47 per QALY. Sensitivity analysis revealed that the ICER was sensitive to the cost of DOACs. Direct oral anticoagulants also shifted from dominating to dominated status When their annual costs of DOACs were over $3,802.84 or the risk ratio of death compared to warfarin was over 1.077%/year. Probabilistic sensitivity analysis (PSA) suggested that DOACs had a 53.83 and 90.7% probability of being cost-effective when the willingness-to-pay threshold was set at $50,000 and $100,000, respectively. Among all the four individual DOACs, edoxaban treatment was revealed as the preferred treatment strategy for the AF patients aged over 75 years by yielding the most significant health gain with the relatively low total cost.
与华法林相比,DOACs增加0.36 QALY,额外费用为15,234.65美元,导致每QALY的ICER为42,318.47美元。灵敏度分析表明,ICER对DOACs的成本很敏感。当DOACs的年成本超过3,802.84美元或与华法林的死亡风险比超过1.07%/年时,也从主导地位转变为被主导地位。概率敏感性分析(PSA)表明,当支付意愿阈值分别设定为5万美元和10万美元时,DOACs具有53.83和90.7%的成本效益概率。在所有4种DOACs中,艾多沙班是治疗>75岁以上AF患者的首选治疗策略,其总成本相对较低,且获得了最显著的健康获益。
Conclusions:
Despite the high risk for major bleeding in elderly patients with AF, DOACs are more cost-effective treatment options than warfarin in real-world practice. Edoxaban was the preferred treatment strategy among four kinds of DOACs for AF patients aged over 75 years. Furthermore, beyond their safety profiles, the treatment benefits of DOACs assumed greater relevance and importance in older adults.
尽管老年AF患者出血风险高,但在真实世界中,DOACs比华法林更具成本效益。艾多沙班是75岁以上房颤患者四种DOACs的首选治疗策略。此外,除了安全性之外,DOACs的治疗获益在老年人中具有更大的相关性和重要性。

Background
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are the recommended first-line therapy for ischemic stroke prevention in patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF). However, the safety and effectiveness of edoxaban for this indication requires monitoring over the long term in real-world settings.
直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)是非瓣膜性心房颤动(NVAF)患者缺血性卒中预防推荐的一线治疗方法。然而,艾多沙班对这种适应症的安全性和有效性需要在现实环境中进行长期监测。
Methods
ETNA-AF-Japan (trial no. UMIN000017011) was a prospective, multicenter observational study (part of postmarketing surveillance in Japan). NVAF patients due to receive edoxaban to prevent ischemic stroke were enrolled between 13 April 2015 and 30 September 2017.
日本ETNA-AF(试验编号UMIN000017011)是一项前瞻性、多中心、观察性研究(日本上市后监测的一部分)。纳入2015年4月13日至2017年9月30日期间入组的接受艾多沙班预防缺血性卒中的NVAF患者。
Results
A total of 11 569 patients were enrolled. For the 11 111 patients (female, 40.6%) whose data comprised the safety analysis set, age, body weight, creatinine clearance (CLcr), and CHADS2 score were 74.2 ± 10.0 years, 60.0 ± 12.7 kg, 63.9 ± 25.8 mL/min, and 2.2 ± 1.3, respectively (mean ± SD). The majority (86.3%) received edoxaban in accordance with package insert information. The mean duration of treatment was 561.9 ± 261.2 days. The annual incidence (95% confidence interval) of all bleeding events and major bleeding events was 5.60% (5.25%–5.98%) and 1.02% (0.88%–1.18%), respectively. The annual incidence of ischemic stroke (excluding transient ischemic attack, TIA) or systemic embolism was 1.08% (0.93%–1.25%). Multivariate analysis showed low body weight, low CLcr, history of gastrointestinal bleeding, anemia, and use of an antiplatelet agent to be associated with major bleeding, and history of ischemic stroke or TIA, vascular disease, and antiplatelet agent use to be associated with ischemic stroke (excluding TIA) or systemic embolism.
该研究共有11,569例患者入选。其中有安全性分析数据的有11,111例患者(女性,40.6%),年龄、体重、肌酐清除率(CLcr)和CHADS2评分分别为74.2±10.0岁,60.0±12.7 kg,63.9±25.8 mL/min,2.2±1.3(平均值±SD)。大多数(86.3%)患者按照说明书信息服用艾多沙班。平均治疗时间为561.9±261.2天。所有出血事件和大出血事件的年发生率(95%置信区间[CI])分别为5.60%(5.25%-5.98%)和1.02%(0.88%-1.18%)。缺血性卒中(不包括短暂性脑缺血发作[TIA])或体循环栓塞的年发病率为1.08%(0.93%-1.25%)。多变量分析显示低体重、低CLcr、消化道出血史、贫血和使用抗血小板药物与大出血相关。缺血性卒中或TIA史、血管疾病和使用抗血小板药物与缺血性卒中(不包括TIA)或体循环栓塞相关。
Conclusions
These results provide real-world evidence for the long-term good safety and effectiveness profile of edoxabanin Japanese NVAF patients under clinical practice.
本研究结果为艾多沙班治疗日本NVAF患者的长期安全性和有效性提供了真实世界的证据。

原文:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s40262-021-00999-y.pdf

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Safety and effectiveness of edoxaban in Japanese patients with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation: Final report of a two-year postmarketing surveillance study (ETNA-AF-Japan)

J Arrhythm丨2021 Feb 24

DOI:10.1002/joa3.12520

艾多沙班在日本非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中的安全性和有效性:两年上市后监测研究的最终报告(ETNA-AF-Japan)

Background
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have replaced vitamin K antagonists as the standard of care for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF). However, DOAC prescriptions at dosages that do not adhere to labeling are common in daily practice. This analysis from the observational Global Edoxaban Treatment in routiNe clinical prActice (ETNA)-AF program focuses on edoxaban-treated patients from South Korea and Taiwan to identify patient baseline characteristics that may be associated with non-recommended dosing.
直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)已经取代维生素K拮抗剂成为房颤(AF)患者卒中预防的标准治疗。然而,DOAC处方剂量不依从说明书是目前日常实践的普遍现象。来自全球观察性艾多沙班治疗AF常规临床实践项目(ETNA)的分析,聚焦在韩国和台湾地区使用艾多沙班治疗的患者,以确定与非推荐剂量相关的患者基线特征。
Methods
We report baseline data from ETNA-AF, including patient demographics, clinical characteristics, and bleeding/stroke history of patients receiving recommended or non-recommended edoxaban dosing.
我们报道了来自ETNA-AF的基线数据,包括接受艾多沙班推荐或非推荐剂量患者的人口统计特征,临床特点和出血/卒中史。
Results
A total of 2677 patients were enrolled. Among 1543 patients who did not meet dose-reduction criteria, 1033 (66.9%) were prescribed the recommended 60-mg dose, and 510 (33.1%) were prescribed the non-recommended 30-mg dose. Among 1134 patients meeting ≥1 of the dose-reduction criteria, 863 (76.1%) were prescribed the recommended 30-mg dose; 271 (23.9%) were prescribed the nonrecommended 60-mg dose. Compared with the recommended 60-mg group, the nonrecommended 30-mg group had a higher proportion of patients aged ≥75 years, higher stroke and bleeding risks, and a history of major bleeding. The non-recommended 60-mg group had a lower proportion of patients aged ≥75 years, a higher history of stroke, and lower history of bleeding compared with the recommended 30-mg group.
共计纳入2677例患者。在1543例患者不符合减量标准的患者中,1033例(66.9%)处方推荐剂量60 mg,510例(33.1%)处方非推荐剂量30 mg。1134例符合≥1个减量标准的患者中,863例(76.1%)根据推荐处方了30 mg,271例(23.9%)使用了非推荐剂量60 mg。与推荐剂量60 mg组相比,非推荐剂量30 mg组患者年龄≥75岁的比例较高,有较高卒中和出血风险,并且有大出血史。与推荐剂量30 mg组相比,非推荐剂量60 mg组患者年龄≥75 岁的比例较低,卒中史比例较高,出血史比例较低。
Conclusion
The baseline data from ETNA-AF indicate that physicians take patient clinical characteristics (e.g., bleeding risks) into consideration when deviating from the dosing recommendation per label.
ETNA-AF基线数据表明,医生不根据说明书推荐剂量处方艾多沙班时,主要是考虑患者的临床特征(如出血风险)。

原文:https://journals.lww.com/jcma/Fulltext/2021/05000/Factors_associated_with_the_
dosing_of_edoxaban_for.7.aspx

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Factors associated with the dosing of edoxaban for stroke prevention in patients with atrial fibrillation from South Korea and Taiwan: 1-year data from the Global ETNA-AF Program

J Chin Med Assoc丨2021 May 1

DOI: 10.1097/JCMA.0000000000000516

韩国和台湾地区房颤患者使用艾多沙班预防卒中的剂量相关因素:来自全球ETNA-AF 项目一年数据

Introduction and objectives
Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) changed the landscape of atrial fibrillation (AF) treatment, but also brought with them new challenges in terms of accessibility and compliance. The purpose of this study was to assess adherence to DOACs, and its determinants in a population of AF patients.
直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)改变了心房颤动(AF)治疗的前景,但在可及性和依从性方面也带来了新的挑战。本研究的目的是评估AF患者对DOACs的依从性及预测因子。
Methods
Single-center retrospective study including all patients with non-valvular AF treated with a DOAC and followed in outpatient general cardiology, whose first DOAC prescription was between 1 April 2016 to August 2018. The number of pharmacy refills from the day of first prescription to 31 August 2018 was counted (by means of an electronic prescription platform). Medication refill adherence (MRA) was calculated by dividing the total days of supply by the number of days under therapy. Non-compliance was defined as MRA <90%.
单中心回顾性研究,包括所有在心内科门诊随访的,在2016年4月1日至2018年8月之间第一次处方DOAC门诊患者。统计自首次处方当天至2018年8月31日药房补药次数(通过电子处方平台)。药物补充依从性(MRA)通过供应总天数除以治疗天数来计算。MRA<90%被视作不依从。
Results
A total of 264 patients (120 men, mean age 74 ±12 years) met the inclusion criteria. The median
CHA2DS2VASC score was 3 (interquartile range (IQR) 2-5) and the median HAS-BLED was 1 (IQR 1-2). Rivaroxaban, apixaban, dabigatran and edoxaban were prescribed in 45%, 41%, 24% and 13% of patients, respectively. Throughout the study, 51 patients (19%) used at least two DOACs. Patients were under DOAC for a median period of 439 days (IQR 269-638), during which the included population adhered to therapy 90% of the time (IQR 75-100%). Half of the patients (51%) were classified as non-compliant; therapy duration (adjusted odds ratio (OR) 1.06 per month, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.03-1.08, p<0.001), taking DOACs with b.i.d. (adjusted OR 1.73, 95%CI 1.08-2.75, p=0.022), and higher medication copayments (adjusted OR 2.13, 95%CI 1.28-3.45, p=0.003) were independent predictors of non-compliance.
共计264例患者(120例男性,平均年龄74岁±12岁)符合纳入标准。中位CHA2DS2-VASC评分为3(四分位间距[IQR]2-5),中位HAS-BLED评分为1(IQR 1-2)。患者处方利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、达比加群和艾多沙班的比例分别为45%,41%,24%和13%。在整个研究中,51例患者(19%)至少使用两种DOACs。患者接受DOAC治疗的中位时间为439天(IQR 269-638),在此期间,纳入的人群坚持治疗的时间为90%(IQR 75-100%)。一半的患者(51%)被视为不依从;治疗持续时间(校正比值比[OR]1.06/月,95%置信区间[CI]1.03-1.08,P<0.001),DOACs bid给药(校正OR 1.73,95%CI 1.08-2.75,P=0.022),和较高的药物共付额(校正OR 2.13,95%CI 1.28-3.45,P=0.003)是不依从的独立预测因子。
Conclusion
Half of the patients (51%) were classified as non-compliant (medication refill adherence < 90%). Therapy duration, DOACs with b.i.d. posology and higher medication copayments were independent predictors of noncompliance, which might be targets to improve patient adherence.
一半的患者(51%)被视为不依从,治疗持续时间、DOACs bid给药和较高的药物共付额是不依从的独立预测因子,这可能是改善患者依从性的目标。

原文:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2174204921001562

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Medication adherence to direct anticoagulants in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation—a real world analysis

Rev Port Cardiol丨2021 Jun 30

DOI: 10.1016/j.repc.2020.10.017

非瓣膜性房颤患者使用直接口服抗凝剂的药物依从性——真实世界分析

原文:https://journals.lww.com/md-journal/Fulltext/2021/08130/Real_world_oral_anticoagulants_for_Asian_patients.41.aspx

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Background and purpose
This study aimed to evaluate the comparative efficacy and safety of 4 non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) and warfarin in Asians with non-valvular atrial fibrillation in real-world practice through a network meta-analysis of observational studies.
本研究旨在通过观察性研究的网络荟萃分析,评估4种非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝剂(NOACs)和华法林在亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中的疗效和安全性。
Methods
We searched multiple comprehensive databases (PubMed, Embase, and Cochrane library) for studies published until August 2020. Hazard ratios and 95% confidence intervals were used for the pooled estimates. Efficacy outcomes included ischemic stroke (IS), stroke/systemic embolism (SSE), myocardial infarction (MI), and all-cause mortality, and safety outcomes included major bleeding, gastrointestinal (GI) bleeding, and intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). The P score was calculated for ranking probabilities. Subgroup analyses were separately performed in accordance with the dosage range of NOACs ("standard-" and "low-dose").
我们搜索了多个综合数据库(PubMed,Embase和Cochrane图书馆)以查找截至2020年8月的研究。汇总估计使用风险比和95%置信区间(CI)。有效性结局包括缺血性卒中(IS)、卒中/体循环栓塞(SSE)、心肌梗死(MI)和全因死亡率,安全性结局包括大出血、胃肠道(GI)出血和颅内出血(ICH)。计算P分数以获得排名。根据NOACs的剂量范围(“标准剂量”和“低剂量”)分别进行亚组分析。
Results
A total of 11, 6, and 8 studies were allocated to the total population, standard-dose group, and low-dose group, respectively. In the total study population, edoxaban ranked the best in terms of IS and ICH prevention and apixaban ranked the best for SSE, major bleeding, and GI bleeding. In the standard-dose regimen, apixaban ranked the best in terms of IS and SSE prevention. For major bleeding, GI bleeding, and ICH, edoxaban ranked the best. In the low-dose regimen, edoxaban ranked the best for IS, SSE, GI bleeding, and ICH prevention. For major bleeding prevention, apixaban ranked best.
共有11,6和8项研究分别分配到总人群、标准剂量组和低剂量组。在总研究人群中,艾多沙班在预防IS和ICH方面疗效最佳,而阿哌沙班在预防SSE、大出血和GI出血方面最优。在标准剂量方案组中,阿哌沙班在预防IS和SSE方面最优。对于发生大出血,GI出血和ICH,艾多沙班安全性最优。在低剂量方案组中,艾多沙班在预防IS、SSE、GI出血和ICH方面最优。对于发生大出血事件方面,阿哌沙班安全性更优。
Conclusions
All 4 NOACs had different efficacy and safety outcomes according to their type and dosage. Apixaban and edoxaban might be relatively better and more well-balanced treatment for Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation.
对于4种NOACs来说,根据其类型和剂量具有不同的疗效和安全性。对于亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者而言,阿哌沙班和艾多沙班可能对于疗效和安全性方面的表现更均衡更优。 

Real-world oral anticoagulants for Asian patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation: A PRISMA-compliant article 

Medicine (Baltimore)丨2021 Aug 13

DOI:10.1097/MD.0000000000026883 

亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者口服抗凝剂的真实世界数据:符合PRISMA标准的文章 

原文:https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/epub/10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025536

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Background and Purpose
Limited evidence exists on the effectiveness and safety of warfarin and all 4 available non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) from current clinical practice in the Asian population with nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. We aimed to evaluate the comparative effectiveness and safety of warfarin and 4 NOACs.
从亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者的临床实践来看,华法林和所有4种可用的非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝剂(NOACs)的有效性和安全性证据有限。本研究目的是评估华法林和4种NOACs的相比的有效性和安全性。
Methods
We studied a retrospective nonrandomized observational cohort of oral anticoagulant naïve nonvalvular patients with atrial fibrillation treated with warfarin or NOACs (rivaroxaban, dabigatran, apixaban, or edoxaban) from January 2015 to December 2017, based on the Korean Health Insurance Review and Assessment database. For the comparisons, warfarin to 4 NOACs and NOAC to NOAC comparison cohorts were balanced using the inverse probability of treatment weighting. Ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, major bleeding, and a composite clinical outcome were evaluated.
根据韩国医疗保险审查和评估数据库,我们对2015年1月至2017年12月期间服用华法林或NOACs(利伐沙班、达比加群、阿哌沙班或艾多沙班)治疗的口服抗凝剂的非瓣膜性房颤患者进行了回顾性非随机观察队列研究。华法林与4个NOACs和NOAC与NOAC队列比较,评估在缺血性脑卒中、颅内出血、消化道出血、大出血等复合临床表现中的结果。
Results
A total of 116 804 patients were included (25 420 with warfarin, 35 965 with rivaroxaban, 17 745 with dabigatran, 22 177 with apixaban, and 15 496 with edoxaban). Compared with warfarin, all NOACs were associated with lower risks of ischemic stroke, intracranial hemorrhage, gastrointestinal bleeding, major bleeding, and composite outcome. Apixaban and edoxaban showed a lower rate of ischemic stroke compared with rivaroxaban and dabigatran. Apixaban, dabigatran, and edoxaban had a lower rate of gastrointestinal bleeding and major bleeding compared with rivaroxaban. The composite clinical outcome was nonsignificantly different for apixaban versus edoxaban.
共纳入116,804例患者,其中华法林25,420例,利伐沙班35,965例,达比加群17,745例,阿哌沙班22,177例,艾多沙班15,496例。与华法林相比,所有NOACs均有更低的缺血性卒中、颅内出血、胃肠道出血、大出血和复合预后的风险。与利伐沙班和达比加群相比,阿哌沙班和艾多沙班的缺血性卒中发生率较低。与利伐沙班相比,阿哌沙班、达比加群及艾多沙班的胃肠道出血和大出血发生率较低。阿哌沙班与艾多沙班的复合临床无显著差异。
Conclusions
In this large contemporary nonrandomized Asian cohort, all 4 NOACs were associated with lower rates of ischemic stroke and major bleeding compared with warfarin. Differences in clinical outcomes between NOACs may give useful guidance for physicians to choose drugs to fit their particular patient clinical profile.
在这个大型非随机亚洲队列中,所有4个NOACs与华法林相比有更低的缺血性卒中和大出血风险。NOACs之间的临床结果可能存在差异,可用于指导医生在特定的患者中选择不同的药物。 

Effectiveness and Safety of Contemporary Oral Anticoagulants Among Asians With Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation 

Stroke丨2019

DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.119.025536 

OAC在亚洲非瓣膜性心房颤动患者中的有效性和安全性 

原文:https://www.internationaljournalofcardiology.com/article/S0167-5273(21)01776-

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Background
The aim of the study was to compare the real-world effectiveness and safety in atrial fibrillation (AF) patients treated with edoxaban versus other oral anticoagulants (OACs) (apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and vitamin K antagonists [VKA]) in Germany.
本研究的目的是比较德国使用艾多沙班与其他口服抗凝剂(OACs)(阿哌沙班、达比加群、利伐沙班和维生素K拮抗剂[VKA])治疗心房颤动(AF)患者的实际有效性和安全性。
Methods and results
Using a representative database of 3.5 million statutory health-insured lives in Germany, a retrospective cohort study was conducted to examine ischemic stroke (IS) or systemic embolism (SE) and major bleeding in AF patients initiating anticoagulant therapy from January 2014 through June 2017. Inverse probability of treatment weighting using propensity score was applied for baseline covariate adjustment. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the adjusted risk (hazard ratio [HR]) of each outcome comparing edoxaban versus other OACs. Among 21,038 patients treated with OACs, 1236 edoxaban, 6053 apixaban, 1306 dabigatran, 7013 rivaroxaban, and 5430 VKA patients were included. The adjusted combined risks of IS or SE were lower (p < 0.05) for each edoxaban pairwise comparison with other OACs (HR: 0.83 vs. apixaban, 0.60 vs. dabigatran, 0.72 vs. rivaroxaban, 0.64 vs. VKA). Edoxaban favored lower risks of major bleeding compared with rivaroxaban (HR: 0.74) and VKA (HR: 0.47). No differences in the risk of major bleeding were found between edoxaban and apixaban (p = 0.33), and between edoxaban and dabigatran (p = 0.06).
使用德国350万法定健康保险人的代表性数据库,进行了一项回顾性队列研究,以观察2014年1月至2017年6月期间开始抗凝治疗的房颤患者的缺血性卒中(IS)或体循环栓塞(SE)和大出血情况。使用倾向性评分进行校正。使用Cox比例风险模型来比较艾多沙班与其他OAC,估计每个结果的风险比[HR]。在用OAC治疗的21,038例患者中, 1236例使用艾多沙班,6053例使用阿哌沙班,1306例使用达比加群,7013例使用利伐沙班和5430例使用VKA患者。艾多沙班与其他OAC进行成对比较,IS或SE的调整后综合风险较低(P<0.05)(HR 0.83 vs.阿哌沙班,0.60 vs.达比加群,0.72 vs.利伐沙班,0.64 vs.VKA)。与利伐沙班(HR 0.74)和VKA(HR 0.47)相比,艾多沙班有利于降低大出血风险。在艾多沙班和阿哌沙班(P=0.33)之间以及艾多沙班和达比加群之间没有发现大出血风险的差异(P=0.06)。
Conclusion
Edoxaban was associated with better effectiveness compared with other OACs in AF patients from Germany. Edoxaban also demonstrated a favorable safety profile.
在德国的房颤患者中,同应用其他OAC相比,艾多沙班具有更好的疗效,同时也有良好的安全性。 

Comparison of clinical outcomes of edoxaban versus apixaban, dabigatran, rivaroxaban, and vitamin K antagonists in patients with atrial fibrillation in Germany: A real-world cohort study 

Int J Cardiol丨2021 Nov 12

DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2021.11.008 

艾多沙班与阿哌沙班、达比加群、利伐沙班和维生素K拮抗剂在德国房颤患者中的临床结果比较:一项真实世界的队列研究 

原文:https://heart.bmj.com/content/heartjnl/107/23/1898.full.pdf

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Objective:
The aim of this study was to investigate the association between oral anticoagulant type (direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) vs vitamin K antagonists (VKAs)) and incident dementia or mild cognitive impairment (MCI) among patients with newly diagnosed atrial fibrillation (AF).
本研究的目的在于调查口服抗凝剂类型(直接口服抗凝剂[DOACs]vs 维生素K拮抗剂[VKAs])与新诊断房颤(AF)患者痴呆或轻度认知功能障碍(MCI)之间的关联。
Methods:
Using linked electronic health record (EHR) data from the Clinical Practice Research Datalink in the UK, we conducted a historical cohort study among first-time oral anticoagulant users with incident non-valvular AF diagnosed from 2012 to 2018. We compared the incidence of (1) clinically coded dementia and (2) MCI between patients prescribed VKAs and DOACs using Cox proportional hazards regression models, with age as the underlying timescale, accounting for calendar time and time on treatment, sociodemographic and lifestyle factors, clinical comorbidities and medications.
使用来自英国临床实践研究数据链的关联电子健康记录(EHR) 数据,我们对2012年-2018年诊断为非瓣膜性房颤的首次使用口服抗凝剂的患者进行了历史队列研究。我们采用Cox比例风险回归模型对比了处方VKAs和DOACs患者(1)临床编码痴呆和(2)MCI的发生率,以年龄为潜在的时间表,考虑日历时间和治疗时间、社会人口统计学和生活方式因素、临床合并症和药物治疗。
Results:
Of 39 200 first-time oral anticoagulant users (44.6% female, median age 76 years, IQR 68-83), 20 687 (53%) were prescribed a VKA and 18 513 (47%) a DOAC at baseline. Overall, 1258 patients (3.2%) had GP-recorded incident dementia, incidence rate 16.5 per 1000 person-years. DOAC treatment for AF was associated with a 16% reduction in dementia diagnosis compared with VKA treatment in the whole cohort (adjusted HR 0.84, 95% CI: 0.73 to 0.98) and with a 26% reduction in incident MCI (adjusted HR 0.74, 95% CI: 0.65 to 0.84). Findings were similar across various sensitivity analyses.
共计39,200例首次使用口服抗凝剂的患者(44.6%为女性,平均年龄76岁,IQR 68-83),基线时,20,687例处方VKA,18,513例处方DOAC。总体而言,1258例(3.2%)患者有GP记录的痴呆事件,发病率为16.5/1000患者年。与整个队列使用VKA治疗相比,DOAC治疗的AF患者痴呆诊断减少16%(校正后HR 0.84,95%CI 0.73-0.98),MCI事件减少26%(校正后HR 0.74,95%CI 0.65-0.84)。各种敏感性分析结果相似。
Conclusions:
Incident EHR-recorded dementia and MCI were less common among patients prescribed DOACs for new AF compared with those prescribed VKAs.
对于新诊断AF患者,与处方VKAs相比,处方DOACs的患者EHR记录的痴呆和MCI事件较少。

Anticoagulant prescribing for atrial fibrillation and risk of incident dementia

Heart丨2021 Dec 

DOI: 10.1136/heartjnl-2021-319672

房颤患者抗凝处方与痴呆事件风险

原文:https://www.ahajournals.org/doi/10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033338

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Background and purpose
Atrial fibrillation is a risk factor for dementia, and oral anticoagulant use is associated with a decreased risk of dementia in patients with atrial fibrillation. We aimed to investigate whether the risk of dementia would be different between patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) compared with those with warfarin.
房颤是痴呆症的危险因素,口服抗凝剂的使用与房颤患者患痴呆症的风险降低有关。我们的目的是调查接受直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)治疗的患者与接受华法林治疗的患者相比,患痴呆症的风险是否有所不同。
Methods
Using the Korean nationwide claims database from January 2014 to December 2017, we identified oral anticoagulant–naive nonvalvular atrial fibrillation patients aged ≥40 years. For the comparisons, warfarin and DOAC groups were balanced using the inverse probability of treatment weighting method. The primary outcome was incident dementia.
使用2014年1月至2017年12月的韩国全国索赔数据库,确定了年龄40岁以上的未使用口服抗凝剂的非瓣膜性房颤患者。为了进行比较,华法林组和DOAC组使用治疗加权的逆概率方法进行平衡。该研究的主要结局是痴呆事件。
Results
Among 72 846 of total study patients, 25 948 were treated with warfarin, and 46 898 were treated with DOAC (17 193 with rivaroxaban, 9882 with dabigatran, 11 992 with apixaban, and 7831 with edoxaban). During mean 1.3±1.1 years of follow-up, crude incidence of dementia was 4.87 per 100 person-years (1.20 per 100 person-years for vascular dementia and 3.30 per 100 person-years for Alzheimer dementia). Compared with warfarin, DOAC showed a comparable risks of dementia, vascular dementia, and Alzheimer dementia. In subgroup analyses, DOAC was associated with a lower risk of dementia than warfarin, particularly in patients aged 65 to 74 years (hazard ratio, 0.815 [95% CI, 0.709–0.936]) and in patients with prior stroke (hazard ratio, 0.891 [95% CI, 0.820–0.968]). When comparing individual DOACs with warfarin, edoxaban was associated with a lower risk of dementia (hazard ratio, 0.830 [95% CI, 0.740–0.931]).
共纳入了72,846名患者,其中25,948人接受华法林治疗,46,898人接受DOAC治疗(利伐沙班17,193人,达比加群9882人,阿哌沙班11,992人,艾多沙班7831人)。在平均1.3±1.1年的随访期间,痴呆的粗略发病率为4.87人/100人年(血管性痴呆为1.20人/100人年,阿尔茨海默痴呆为3.30人/100人年)。与华法林相比,DOAC显示出类似的痴呆、血管性痴呆和阿尔茨海默性痴呆的风险。在亚组分析中,与华法林相比,DOAC与痴呆风险较低相关,尤其是在65~74岁的患者(HR 0.815,95%CI 0.709~0.936)和既往卒中患者(HR 0.891,95%CI 0.820~0.968)中。当将个别DOAC与华法林进行比较时,艾多沙班与较低的痴呆风险相关(HR 0.83,95%CI 0.740~0.931)。
Conclusions
In this large Asian population with atrial fibrillation, DOAC showed a comparable risk of dementia with warfarin overall. DOACs appeared more beneficial than warfarin, in those aged 65 to 74 years or with a history of stroke. For specific DOACs, only edoxaban was associated with a lower risk of dementia than warfarin.
在这个庞大的亚洲房颤人群中,总体上,DOAC具有与华法林相似的痴呆风险。而在65~74岁或有卒中病史的人群中,DOAC似乎比华法林更有益。对于特定的DOAC,与华法林相比,只有艾多沙班与更低的痴呆风险相关。

Comparing Warfarin and 4 Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Risk of Dementia in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Stroke丨2021 Sep 9

DOI: 10.1161/STROKEAHA.120.033338

比较华法林和4种直接口服抗凝剂对房颤患者痴呆风险的影响

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/2077-0383/10/22/5337/htm

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Objective:
Edoxaban is approved for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients in numerous countries and regions. Outcome data are sparse on edoxaban treatment in AF patients from routine clinical practice, especially in Asian patients. Global ETNA (Edoxaban in rouTine cliNical prActice) is a noninterventional study that integrates data from patients from multiple regional registries into one database.
Edoxaban is approved for stroke prevention in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation (AF) patients in numerous countries. Outcome data are sparse on edoxaban treatment in AF patients from routine clinical practice, especially in Asian patients. Global ETNA (Edoxaban in rouTine cliNical prActice) is a noninterventional study that integrates data from patients from multiple regional registries into one database.
艾多沙班在许多国家、地区被批准用于非瓣膜性房颤 (AF) 患者的卒中预防。艾多沙班治疗AF患者的实际临床结果数据很少,尤其是在亚洲患者中。Global ETNA(Edoxaban in rouTine cliNical prActice)是一项非干预性研究,它将来自多个登记在册的区域患者数据整合到一个数据库中。
Methods:
Here, we report the 1-year clinical events from AF patients receiving edoxaban in South Korea and Taiwan. Clinical events assessed included bleeding, strokes, systemic embolic events, transient ischemic attacks (TIAs), and all-cause and cardiovascular death. Overall, 2677 patients (mean (range) age 72 (66–78) years, male 59.7%, mean CHA2DS2-VASc score ± standard deviation 3.1 ± 1.4) were treated with 60 or 30 mg edoxaban and had 1-year follow-up data.
我们报告了韩国和中国台湾的房颤患者使用艾多沙班的1年临床事件。评估的临床事件包括出血、脑卒中、体循环栓塞、短暂性脑缺血发作 (TIA) 以及全因和心血管死亡。总的来说,有2677例患者使用艾多沙班60 mg或30 mg(平均年龄72岁[66-78],男性占59.7%,平均 CHA2DS2-VASc为3.1±1.4),且有随访1年的数据。
Results:
The annualized event rates for major bleeding and clinically relevant non-major (CRNM) bleeding were 0.78% and 0.47%, respectively. Annualized event rates for ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke were 0.90% and 0.19%, respectively. Event rates for major and CRNM bleeding and rates of ischemic stroke and TIA were higher in Taiwanese patients than in Korean patients. Event rates were low and similar to those found in other studies of edoxaban in Korean and Taiwanese AF patients, thus supporting the safety and effectiveness of edoxaban in this population.
大出血和临床相关非大出血 (CRNM) 的年化事件发生率分别为0.78%和0.47%。缺血性脑卒中和出血性脑卒中的年化事件发生率分别为0.90%和0.19%。中国台湾患者的大出血和CRNM出血事件发生率以及缺血性卒中和TIA发生率高于韩国患者。事件发生率较低,与韩国和台湾地区房颤患者的艾多沙班的其他研究结果相似,因此支持艾多沙班在该人群中的安全性和有效性。

Clinical Events with Edoxaban in South Korean and Taiwanese Atrial Fibrillation Patients in Routine Clinical Practice

J Clin Med.丨2021 Nov. 16 

DOI: 10.3390/jcm10225337

韩国和中国台湾房颤患者在常规临床实践中使用艾多沙班的临床事件

Introduction
Limited data were published on the management of direct oral anticoagulants in the insertion of pacemaker and cardiac monitoring devices. This study describes the management and outcomes of edoxaban, a direct oral factor Xa inhibitor, in patients undergoing pacemaker or monitoring device implantation in routine clinical practice.
在植入起搏器和心脏监测装置的患者中直接口服抗凝剂的管理数据有限。本研究描述了艾多沙班(一种直接口服Xa因子抑制剂)对植入起搏器或监测装置患者常规临床实践中的管理和结果。
Methods and results
EMIT-AF/VTE collected data of patients from Europe, Korea, and Taiwan. Timing and duration of periprocedural interruption of edoxaban were at the treating physician's discretion. Pacemakers or monitoring devices were implanted into 136 patients who were evaluated from 5 days pre- until 30 days post-procedure. The primary outcomes were the incidences of acute thromboembolic events (ATE), ischemic events, and International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis-defined Major Bleeding; secondary outcomes included incidence of clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB) and perioperative edoxaban interruption times. Conformance with European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA) Guidance on interruption of direct oral anticoagulant therapy was variable: of the cardiac monitoring device patients, where no interruption of therapy would be expected, nonetheless, 62.5% had interruption of treatment, whereas in pacemaker procedures, where interruption would be expected, 23.4% had no interruption. No ATE or ischemic events occurred. One case of CRNMB and two of minor bleeding occurred. All bleedings occurred more than 3 days after the procedure.
EMIT-AF/VTE收集了来自欧洲,韩国和台湾的患者数据。围手术期艾多沙班中断的时间和持续时间由治疗医师决定。136例植入起搏器或心脏监测装置的患者中,在手术前5天至手术后30天进行评估。主要终点是急性血栓栓塞事件(ATE),缺血事件和国际血栓和止血学会定义的大出血事件的发生率;次要结果包括临床相关非大出血(CRNMB)和围手术期艾多沙班的中断时间。欧洲心律协会(EHRA)关于DOAC治疗中断的指导是可变的:在植入心脏监测设备的患者中,预计不会中断治疗,然而62.5%的患者中断了治疗。而在起搏器植入的患者中,预计会中断,23.4%没有中断。没有发生ATE或缺血事件。发生1例CRNMB和2例轻微出血。所有出血都发生在手术后三天以上。
Conclusion/relevance
The periprocedural complication risk for edoxaban treated patients undergoing pacemaker or invasive cardiac monitoring implantation was low. This population of patients was well managed in routine practice.
接受起搏器或侵入性心脏监测装置植入的患者服用艾多沙班围手术期并发症风险较低。这一人群患者在日常实践中得到了很好的管理。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/pace.14381

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Thromboembolic and bleeding risks in edoxaban patients with pacemaker and cardiac monitoring procedures: Outcomes of the Global EMIT program

Pacing Clin Electrophysiol丨2021 Oct 18

DOI:10.1111/pace.14381

植入起搏器和心脏监测装置且服用艾多沙班患者的血栓栓塞和出血风险:全球EMIT计划的结果

Purpose
To evaluate the current interpretation of the lower doses of direct oral anticoagulants (DOAC) dabigatran, apixaban, edoxaban and rivaroxaban in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation.
评估目前对非瓣膜性心房颤动中应用低剂量直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)达比加群、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班和利伐沙班的解释。
Methods
A questionnaire of 14 statements to which the possible answers were fully agree/partially agree/partially disagree/fully disagree or yes/no was prepared within the board of the Italian Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology Study Group and forwarded to individual Italian physicians.
由意大利动脉粥样硬化、血栓形成和血管生物学研究组委员会编写了一份14个问题的问卷,其中答案选项为完全同意/部分同意/部分不同意/完全不同意或是/否,并转发给意大利的医生。
Results and conclusion
A total of 620 complete questionnaires were received from nearly all the Italian regions and physicians of various medical specialists, either enabled or not for the prescription of DOAC. A wide agreement was found as regards the pharmacological, as well as clinical consequences of the administration of the lower dose of factor-Xa inhibitors both in patients with and without clinical and/or laboratory criteria requiring dose reduction. Wide agreement was also found as regards the presence of moderate kidney insufficiency in selecting the dose of DOAC. Instead, more debated were issues regarding the proportionality between dabigatran dose and plasma concentration and selection of dabigatran dose, as well as the role of measuring drug plasma concentration and/or determine the anticoagulant activity of factor-Xa inhibitors when used at the lower dose.
共收到620份完整的问卷,几乎覆盖了所有意大利地区和各学科领域的医生,无论是否处方过DOAC都包含在内。在有和没有临床和/或实验室标准需要减少剂量的患者中,在药理学和临床后果方面发现了广泛的一致意见。同样一致性的选择会应用低剂量的DOAC,也存在于中度肾功能不全的患者中。然而,更多的争议是关于达比加群剂量与血浆浓度之间的比例和达比加群剂量的选择,以及在较低剂量下测量药物血浆浓度和/或确定Xa因子抑制剂的抗凝活性的作用。

原文:https://journals.lww.com/jcardiovascularmedicine/Abstract/2021/12000/
How_lower_doses_of_direct_oral_anticoagulants_are.7.aspx

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How lower doses of direct oral anticoagulants are interpreted in clinical practice: a national survey of the Italian Atherosclerosis, Thrombosis and Vascular Biology (ATVB) Study Group

J Cardiovasc Med (Hagerstown)丨April 28, 2021

DOI: 10.2459/JCM.0000000000001204

在临床实践中如何解释应用低剂量的直接口服抗凝剂:一项来自意大利动脉粥样硬化,血栓形成和血管生物学(ATVB)研究组的全国调查

原文:https://www.elsevier.es/en-revista-medicina-clinica-english-edition--462-articulo-effectiveness-eq-5d-cres-4-questionnaire-for-S2387020621005921?referer=buscador

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Background and objective:
Atrial fibrillation and anticoagulation decrease the quality of life of patients. The aim of this study is to assess the quality of life and the degree of satisfaction after changing from VKA to edoxaban anticoagulants.
房颤和抗凝治疗会降低患者生活质量。本研究的目的旨在评估从VKA转换为艾多沙班后患者的生活质量和满意度。
Material and methods:
Prospective, multicentre study, including 105 patients in dicumarinic anticoagulant treatment replaced by edoxaban. Their quality of life was evaluated before and after using the EQ-5D questionnaire, and the degree of satisfaction with CRES-4 scale.
前瞻性多中心研究,纳入105例从双豆香素转换为艾多沙班治疗的患者。采用EQ-5D问卷评估转换前后患者生活质量,采用CRES-4评分评估满意度。
Results:
Average 75 years, CHA2DS2VASC 3.5 and HASBLED 2.1; thromboembolic events and clinically relevant bleeding during follow-up <1%. EQ-5D showed a significant overall improvement in the mobility and anxiety parameters (P = 0.023, 95% CI: 0.0175–0.23; P = 0.019, 95% CI: = 0.028–0.31). The CRES-4 questionnaire showed satisfaction with the therapist of 95%, a positive impact on life of 73% and a negative impact of 3.8%. The emotional state attributed to the change in treatment improved (41% vs 69.5%, P = 0.0001). The final score of the CRES-4 weakly correlated with the emotional situation of the EQ-5D questionnaire.
患者平均年龄75岁,CHA2DS2VASC评分为3.5分,HAS-BLED评分为2.1分;随访期间栓塞事件和临床相关出血事件<1%。EQ-5D问卷显示在活动性和焦虑参数上整体都有明显改善(P=.023,95%CI .0175-.23;P=.019, 95%CI .028-.31)。CRES-4问卷显示95%的专家表示满意,73%对生活有积极影响,3.8%有负面影响。归因于治疗变化的情绪状态有所改善(41% vs. 69.5%,P=.0001)。CRES-4的最终分数与EQ-5D 问卷的情绪状况弱相关。
Conclusions:
The change of anticoagulant for edoxaban improves the quality of life and the degree of patient satisfaction, and the EQ-5D and CRES-4 quality of life questionnaires can be used complementarily.
从VKA转换为艾多沙班进行抗凝治疗后可以改善患者生活质量和满意度,EQ-5D和CRES-4生活质量问卷可以互补使用。

Effectiveness of the EQ-5D and CRES-4 questionnaire for assessing the impact on the quality of life of patients and the level of satisfaction after exchanging dicumarinics for edoxabán: Real-life experience based on a multicentre study

Med Clin(Barc)丨2021 Dec 10

DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2020.07.032

使用EQ-5D和CRES-4问卷评估双香豆素转换为艾多沙班后对患者生活质量和满意度水平的影响:基于多中心研究的真实经验

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/jcpt.13514

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What is known and objective:
Limited data are available for the comparison between different non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs) on clinical outcomes. We aimed to provide evidence of different NOACs for patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF).
目前,非维生素K拮抗口服抗凝药物(NOACs)之间临床结果的对比数据有限。我们旨在为非瓣膜性房颤(NVAF)患者提供不同NOACs之间对比的证据。
Methods:
Electronic databases were searched from inception through 22 March 2020 to identify eligible studies in which clinical outcomes (stroke, systemic embolism [SE], bleeding or death events) were directly compared between different NOACs.
检索电子数据库中截止到2020年3月22日符合确定条件的研究,直接对比这些研究中不同NOACs的临床结果(卒中、体循环栓塞[SE]出血或死亡事件)。
Results:
29 real-world studies enrolled more than 700,000 patients were included. Compared with dabigatran, apixaban had higher risk of death (OR 1.07), major bleeding (1.43), GI bleeding (1.64), ischaemic stroke and stroke/SE events (1.10); rivaroxaban had higher risk of death (1.28), major bleeding (1.24), GI bleeding (1.14) and ischaemic stroke (1.08). Compared with rivaroxaban, apixaban had lower risk of death (0.8), major bleeding (0.56) and ischaemic stroke events (0.71). Compared with edoxaban, rivaroxaban had higher risk of major bleeding (2.83), GI bleeding (5.18) and ischaemic stroke (2.28).
29个真实世界研究共计入选700,000多例患者。与达比加群相比,阿哌沙班有较高的死亡风险(OR 1.07),大出血风险(1.43),胃肠出血风险(1.64),缺血性卒中和卒中/SE事件(1.10);利伐沙班有较高的死亡风险(1.28),大出血风险(1.24),胃肠出血风险(1.14),缺血性卒中事件(1.08)。与利伐沙班相比,阿哌沙班有较低的死亡风险(0.8),大出血风险(0.56)和缺血性卒中事件(0.71)。与艾多沙班相比,利伐沙班有较高的大出血风险(2.83),胃肠出血风险(5.18)和缺血性卒中(2.28)。
What is new and conclusion:
In view of the global burden of disease and the routine use of NOACs worldwide, the findings have immediate and important implications. Our data suggested that apixaban might be the priority choice in prevention of bleeding and stroke and dabigatran could be the priority choice in prevention of death events.
从全球疾病负担和世界范围内的NOACs的常规使用来看,这些发现具有直接且重要的启示。我们的证据提示阿哌沙班可能是预防出血和卒中事件的优选药物,而达比加群是预防死亡事件的优选药物。

Comparison of non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants on bleeding and thrombosis

J ClinPharm Ther丨2021 Dec

DOI: 10.1111/jcpt.13514

对比新型口服抗凝剂的出血和栓塞风险

原文:https://thrombosisjournal.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s12959-021-00351-1

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Objective:
Long-term oral anticoagulant should be considered or recommended in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) and CHA2DS2VASc score ≥ 1 for stroke prevention. Warfarin and different direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) are metabolized differently by the kidney. The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in the patients with AF remains unclear. This study aimed to compare DOACs and warfarin‘s impact on the decline in renal function from a large cohort with AF.
CHA2DS2VASc评分≥1的房颤患者均应考虑或推荐长期使用抗凝药物以预防脑卒中。华法林和其他直接口服抗凝药(DOACs)经肾脏代谢的机制均不一样。长期应用抗凝药物对房颤患者肾功能的影响仍未知。该研究主要通过大样本研究比较DOACs和华法林对房颤患者肾功能下降的影响。
Methods:
This study included patients with nonvalvular AF from 2000 to 2018, mainly through the medical history (ICD code) of the Chang Gung Research Database. Baseline estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), follow-up eGFR and the change in eGFR between 2-year eGFR and baseline eGFR were compared between different DOACs and warfarin after propensity score matching. The primary study endpoint was acute kidney injury (AKI).
此研究纳入2000-2018年收录于长庚研究数据库通过ICD编码的非瓣膜性房颤患者。通过倾向性评分,比较应用DOACs和华法林的患者基线肾小球滤过率(eGFR),随访期内的eGFR值,以及随访2年后与基线水平eGFR的变化值。终点事件为急性肾损伤(AKI)。
Results:
3657 patients were enrolled in this study and the mean observation time was 3.3 ± 0.9 years. During the observation period, there was a significantly higher incidence of AKI during follow-up in the warfarin group than in the different DOAC groups before and after propensity score matching (before: warfarin vs. DOAC: 9.2% vs. 5.2%, p < 0.001; after: warfarin vs. DOAC: 8.9% vs. 4.4%, p < 0.001). There was no difference in the incidence of AKI between dabigatran group and anti-factor Xa inhibitor group after propensity score matching. The incidence of AKI was similar among rivaroxaban, apixaban and edoxaban groups after propensity score matching. The change in eGFR between 2-year eGFR and baseline eGFR did not differ between the warfarin and DOAC groups after propensity score matching (warfarin vs. DOAC: - 1.27 ± 20.32 vs. -1.94 ± 17.24 mL/min/1.73 m2, p = 0.461).
研究纳入了3657例患者,平均观察时间为3.3±0.9年。在观察期内不论是否倾向评分匹配,华法林组患者AKI的发病率显著高于DOAC组, (倾向性评分匹配前:华法林 vs. DOAC:9.2% vs. 5.2%,P<0.001;倾向评分匹配后:华法林 vs. DOAC:8.9% vs. 4.4%,P<0.001)。倾向性评分匹配后,达比加群酯组和抗Xa因子抑制剂组的AKI发病率无显著差异。倾向性评分匹配后,患者AKI发病率在利伐沙班、阿哌沙班、艾多沙班不同组间也是相似的。华法林和DOAC组随访2年时的eGFR,较基线水平的变化值倾向性匹配后均无显著差异,(华法林 vs. DOAC:-1.27±20.32 vs. -1.94±17.24 mL/min/1.73 m2P=0.461).
Conclusions:
During the mean observation time of 3.3 ± 0.9 years, warfarin was associated with a higher incidence of AKI compared with DOACs. The decline in renal function did not differ among warfarin and different DOAC groups.
在平均3.3±0.9年的观察时间内,华法林组患者AKI的发病率显著高于DOAC组。华法林组和DOAC组之间,患者的肾功能下降没有差异。

The impact on renal function after long-term use of anticoagulants in atrial fibrillation patients

Thromb J.丨2021 Dec. 11

DOI 10.1186/s12959-021-00351-1

长期应用抗凝药物后对房颤患者肾功能的影响

原文:https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fphar.2021.736826/full

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Background
Edoxaban exposure varies across different ethnicities. The purpose of our study was to examine the risk factors associated with high or low edoxaban concentrations in Asian populations.
不同种族人群的艾多沙班暴露水平不一样。本研究的目的是检测与亚洲人群艾多沙班血药浓度高低相关的风险因素。
Patients/methods
Participants with atrial fibrillation who were undergoing edoxaban therapy were enrolled. Peak (1–4 h after edoxaban administration) and trough (24 ± 4 h from the last edoxaban dose) blood samples were collected to measure edoxaban concentrations using ultrahigh-performance liquid chromatography with tandem mass spectrometry. The edoxaban concentrations were compared to those observed in clinical trials to define a higher- or lower-than-expected range. Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the risk factors associated with high or low edoxaban concentrations.
纳入正在接受艾多沙班治疗的房颤患者。收集波峰(艾多沙班给药后1-4小时)和波谷(距最后一次艾多沙班给药后24±4小时)的患者血样,使用超高效液相色谱串联质谱法测量艾多沙班浓度。将艾多沙班浓度与既往临床试验中观察到的浓度进行比较,以确定高于或低于预期的范围。多变量逻辑回归用于分析与艾多沙班浓度高或低相关的风险因素。
Results
Eighty participants (49 men, 61.3%) were enrolled and provided 78 trough and 76 peak samples. Twenty participants (25.6%) were determined to have low trough concentrations, which was associated with higher creatinine clearance and the use of the 30 mg regimen (odds ratio [OR] and 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.06 [1.01, 1.11], p = 0.01 and 5.77 [1.34, 24.75], p = 0.02, respectively). In contrast, 21 participants (27.6%) had high peak concentrations, which was associated with an off-label overdosing regimen (OR = 4.68 [1.23, 17.70], p = 0.02).
纳入80例参与者(49例男性,61.3%)并提供了78个波谷和76个波峰的样本。20例参与者(25.6%) 被确定为低谷浓度,这与较高的肌酐清除率和30 mg给药方案的使用有关(优势比 OR分别为1.06,95%CI[1.01,1.11];P=0.01和5.77[1.34,24.75],P=0.02)。相比之下,21例参与者(27.6%)的峰值浓度很高,这与超说明书用药过量方案有关(OR = 4.68[1.23, 17.70],P=0.02)。
Conclusion
Our study identified factors associated with increased or decreased edoxaban exposure. The measurement of edoxaban concentration may be recommended for patients with selected characteristics.
我们的研究确定了与艾多沙班暴露量增加或减少相关的因素。对于具有选定特征的患者,可能建议测量艾多沙班浓度。

Factors Associated With Edoxaban Concentration Among Patients With Atrial Fibrillation

Front Pharmacol丨2021 Sep 9

DOI:10.3389/fphar.2021.736826

房颤患者中与艾多沙班血药浓度相关的因素

Aims
We investigated whether patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) demonstrate detectable changes in biomarkers including high-sensitivity troponin T (hsTnT), N-terminal B-type natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP), and growth differentiation factor-15 (GDF-15) over 12 months and whether such changes from baseline to 12 months are associated with the subsequent risk of stroke or systemic embolic events (S/SEE) and bleeding.
我们调查了12 个月以上房颤(AF)患者是否表现出可以检测到的生物标志物的变化,包括高敏感性肌钙蛋白T(hsTnT),N端B型利钠肽(NT- proBNP)和生长分化因子-15(GDF-15),以及从基线到12个月的这些变化是否与后续的卒中/体循环栓塞事件(S/SEE)和出血相关。
Methods and results
ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 was a randomized trial of the oral factor Xa inhibitor edoxaban in patients with AF and a CHADS2 score of ≥2. We performed a nested prospective biomarker study in 6308 patients, analysing hsTnT, NT-proBNP, and GDF-15 at baseline and 12 months. hsTnT was dynamic in 46.9% (≥2 ng/L change), NT-proBNP in 51.9% (≥200 pg/mL change), GDF-15 in 45.6% (≥300 pg/mL change) during 12 months. In a Cox regression model, upward changes in log2-transformed hsTnT and NT-proBNP were associated with increased risk of S/SEE [adjusted hazard ratio (adj-HR) 1.74; 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.36–2.23 and adj-HR 1.27; 95% CI 1.07–1.50, respectively] and log2-transformed GDF-15 with bleeding (adj-HR 1.40; 95% CI 1.02–1.92). Reassessment of ABC-stroke (age, prior stroke/transient ischaemic attack, hsTnT, and NT-proBNP) and ABC-bleeding (age, prior bleeding, haemoglobin, hsTnT, and GDF-15) risk scores at 12 months accurately reclassified a significant proportion of patients compared with their baseline risk [net reclassification improvement (NRI) 0.50; 95% CI 0.36–0.65; NRI 0.42; 95% CI 0.33–0.51, respectively].
ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48是直接FXa抑制剂艾多沙班用于CHADS2 评分≥2 分房颤患者的随机试验。我们在6308例患者中做了一项前瞻性生物标志物研究,分析基线和12个月时hsTnT、NT-proBNP和GDF-15。12 个月内hsTnT动态变化为46.9%(变化≥2 ng/L),NT-proBNP动态变化为51.9%(变化≥200 pg/mL), GDF-15动态变化为45.6%(变化≥300 pg/mL)。COX回归模型中,log2 转化的hsTnT和NT-proBNP的向上变化与S/SEE 风险增加有关(校正风险比[adj-HR]分别为1.74;95%可信区间[CI]1.36-2.23 和1.27;95% CI 1.07-1.50),log2转化的GDF-15与出血风险相关(adj-HR 1.40;95%CI 1.02-1.92)。与基线相比,在12个月时ABC卒中(年龄、既往卒中/短暂性脑缺血发作,hsTnT 和NT-proBNP)和ABC出血(年龄、既往出血史、血红蛋白、hsTnT和GDF15)风险再评估将明显改善患者分类(净重新分类改善[NRI]0.50;95%CI 0.36-0.65;NRI 0.42;95%CI 0.33-0.51)。
Conclusion
Serial assessment of hsTnT, NT-proBNP, and GDF-15 revealed that a substantial proportion of patients with AF had dynamic values. Greater increases in these biomarkers measured over 1 year are associated with important clinical outcomes in anticoagulated patients with AF.
对hsTnT,NT-proBNP和GDF-15的系列评估显示,很大一部分AF患者具有动态值。测量1年这些生物标志物增加较多与AF患者抗凝治疗的重要结局有关。

原文:https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/article-abstract/42/17/1698/6184829?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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Serial assessment of biomarkers and the risk of stroke or systemic embolism and bleeding in patients with atrial fibrillation in the ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 trial

Eur Heart J丨2021 May 1

DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehab141

ENGAGE AF-TIMI 48 试验中房颤患者卒中或体循环栓塞和出血风险及生物标志物的系列评估

Edoxaban is an oral anticoagulant drug and a direct factor Xa inhibitor. However, it is still not fully understood if and how edoxaban impacts platelet function. This prospective study aimed to assess in vitro platelet function in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF) receiving edoxaban. It was a single centre study quantifying platelet aggregation in 20 patients treated with edoxaban by light transmission aggregometry. The thrombin receptor activating peptide (TRAP)-induced platelet aggregation was significantly lower 2 h after taking edoxaban compared to baseline value (44.7 ± 32.03% vs. 73.3 ± 25.55%; p < 0.0001). In addition, we did not find any significant difference in results between the patient groups. The TRAP-induced platelet aggregation is reduced in non-valvular AF patients receiving edoxaban.
艾多沙班是一种口服抗凝药物和Xa因子直接抑制剂。然而,艾多沙班是否影响血小板功能以及如何影响血小板功能尚不完全清楚。本前瞻性研究旨在评估接受艾多沙班治疗的房颤患者的体外血小板功能。这是一项单中心研究,通过光透射聚集测定法,评估20例接受艾多沙班治疗的房颤患者的血小板聚集情况。与基线值相比,服用艾多沙班2小时后,凝血酶受体激活肽(TRAP)诱导的血小板聚集显著降低(44.7±32.03% vs. 73.3±25.55%;P < 0.0001)。除此之外,患者组间的结果没有任何显著差异。在接受艾多沙班的非瓣膜性房颤患者中,TRAP诱导的血小板聚集减少。

原文:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs11239-020-02093-9

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Edoxaban affects TRAP-dependent platelet aggregation

Journal of Thrombosis and Thrombolysis丨2021 May 

DOI:10.1007/s11239-020-02093-9

Edoxaban影响TRAP依赖的血小板聚集

原文:Determinants for under‐ and overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants and physicians' implementation of clinical pharmacists' recommendations (wiley.com)

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Aim
To analyse the appropriateness of direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC) dosing and determinants for under-and overdosing as well as acceptance and implementation rates of pharmacists' interventions.
分析直接口服抗凝剂(DOAC)适当的给药剂量以及剂量不足和过量的决定因素以及药剂师干预措施的接受和实施率。
Methods
Cross-sectional study in a tertiary hospital in hospitalized patients with atrial fibrillation on DOACs in 2019 (n = 1688). Primary outcome was the proportion of patients with inappropriate DOAC prescribing with identification of determinants for under-and overdosing. Secondary outcomes included acceptance and implementation rates of pharmacists' recommendations and determination of reasons for nonacceptance/nonimplementation.
2019年在一家三级医院对住院心房颤动患者进行的DOACs横断面研究(n=1688)。主要结果是DOACs处方不当的患者比例,确定不足和过量的决定因素。次要结果包括药剂师建议的接受率和实施率以及未接受/未实施的决定因素。
Results
Inappropriate prescribing was observed in 16.9% of patients (n = 286) with underdosing (9.7%) being more prevalent than overdosing (6.9%). For all DOACs considered together, body weight<60 kg (odds ratio [OR] 0.46 [0.27–0.77]), edoxaban use (OR 0.42 [0.24–0.74]), undergoing surgery (OR 0.57 [0.37–0.87]) and being DOAC naïve (OR 0.45 [0.29–0.71]) were associated with significantly lower odds of underdosing. Bleeding history (OR 1.86 [1.24–2.80]) and narcotic use (OR 1.67 [1.13–2.46]) were associated with significantly higher odds for underdosing. Determinants with a significantly higher odds of overdosing were renal impairment (OR 11.29 [6.23–20.45]) and body weight<60 kg (OR 2.34 [1.42–3.85]), whereas dabigatran use (OR 0.24 [0.08–0.71]) and apixaban (OR 0.18 [0.10–0.32]) were associated with a significantly lower odds of overdosing compared to rivaroxaban. Physicians accepted the pharmacists' advice in 179 cases (79.2%) consisting of 92 (51.4%) recommendations for underdosing, 82 (45.8%) for overdosing and 5 (2.8%) for contraindications.
在16.9%的患者(n=286)中观察到不适当的处方,剂量不足(9.7%)比过量(6.9%)更普遍。对于所有一起考虑的DOACs,体重<60 kg(OR 0.46[0.27-0.77]),使用艾多沙班(OR 0.42[0.24-0.74]),接受手术(OR 0.57[0.37-0.87])和未使用DOACs(OR 0.45[0.29-0.71])与剂量不足应用的相关性较低。出血史(OR 1.86[1.24-2.80])和麻醉药使用(OR 1.67[1.13-2.46])与剂量不足用药显著相关。与过量服药显著相关的决定因素是肾功能损害(OR 11.29[6.23-20.45])和体重<60 kg(OR 2.34 [1.42-3.85]);而与利伐沙班相比,使用达比加群(OR 0.24[0.08-0.71])和阿哌沙班(OR 0.18[0.10-0.32])与过量给药的相关性较低。医生接受了179例(79.2%)药剂师的建议,其中92例(51.4%)接受了给药不足的建议,82例(45.8%)接受了给药过量的建议,5例(2.8%)接受了禁忌症的建议。
Conclusion
Inappropriate DOAC prescribing remains common, although there is a slight improvement compared to our study of 2016. Clinical services led by pharmacists help physicians to reduce the number of inadequate prescriptions for high-risk medications such as DOACs.
尽管与我们2016年的研究相比情况略有改善,但不适当的处方DOACs仍然很常见。由药剂师发起的临床服务项目帮助医生减少了DOACs在内的高风险药物的不恰当处方的数量。 

Determinants for under- and overdosing of direct oral anticoagulants and physicians' implementation of clinical pharmacists' recommendations

Br J Clin Pharmacol丨2021 Jul 31

DOI:10.1111/bcp.15017

直接口服抗凝剂剂量不足和过量的决定因素及医师对临床药剂师建议的实施 

原文:https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamanetworkopen/fullarticle/2782526

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Background
Current evidence regarding the application of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) vs. vitamin K antagonists (VKAs) on the fracture risk is inconsistent. Therefore, we conducted a meta-analysis to evaluate the fracture risk of DOACs vs. VKAs in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF).
目前关于直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)与维生素K拮抗剂(VKAs)应用于骨折风险的证据不一致。因此,我们进行了一项荟萃分析,以评估房颤(AF)患者使用DOACs与VKAs的骨折风险。
Methods:
The PubMed and Embase databases were systematically searched until June 2021 for all the studies that reported oral anticoagulants in AF patients. The random-effect model with an inverse variance method was selected to pool the risk ratios (RRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs).
PubMed和Embase数据库系统地搜索到2021年6月,所有报道AF患者口服抗凝剂的研究。选择具有逆方差方法的随机效应模型来汇总风险比(RR)和95%置信区间(CI)。
Results:
A total of 10 studies were included in this meta-analysis. Among AF patients receiving anticoagulants, DOAC users showed a reduced risk of any fracture compared to those with VKAs (RR = 0.80; 95% CI: 0.70-0.91) regardless of gender [males (RR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.67-0.92) and females (RR = 0.71; 95% CI: 0.57-0.89)]. Apixaban (RR = 0.75; 95% CI: 0.60-0.92) and rivaroxaban (RR = 0.73; 95% CI: 0.61-0.88), but not dabigatran and edoxaban, were associated with a decreased risk of any fracture compared with VKAs. DOAC users had decreased risks of osteoporotic fractures (RR = 0.63; 95% CI: 0.47-0.84) and hip/pelvic fractures (RR = 0.88; 95% CI: 0.79-0.97) compared to those treated with VKAs.
本荟萃分析共纳入10项研究。在接受抗凝剂治疗的AF患者中,与VKA治疗患者相比,不论性别如何(男性 [RR=0.79;95%CI 0.67~0.92]和女性[RR=0.71;95%CI 0.57-0.89])DOACs治疗患者的任何骨折风险更低(RR=0.80;95%CI 0.70-0.91)。与VKA相比,阿哌沙班(RR=0.75;95%CI 0.60-0.92)和利伐沙班(RR=0.73;95%CI 0.61-0.88),但不是达比加群和艾多沙班,与任何骨折风险降低相关。与用VKA治疗的患者相比,DOACs治疗患者骨质疏松性骨折风险(RR=0.63;95%CI 0.47~0.84)和髋部/盆腔骨折(RR=0.88;95%CI 0.79-0.97)降低。
Conclusions
Our meta-analysis suggested that the use of DOACs was associated with a reduced risk of any fracture compared with VKAs. Further studies should confirm our findings.
我们的荟萃分析表明,与VKA相比,DOACs的使用与任何骨折风险降低相关。 

Association of Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs. Vitamin K Antagonists With Fractures in Atrial Fibrillation Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis 

Front Cardiovasc Med丨2021 Jul 22 

DOI: 10.3389/fcvm.2021.713187 

直接口服抗凝剂和维生素K拮抗剂与房颤患者骨折的关系:系统评价和Meta分析 

VTE

Contents

直接因子Xa抑制剂治疗癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞症的网络荟萃分析

54

直接口服抗凝剂治疗脑静脉血栓形成的安全性和有效性:一项荟萃分析

56

艾多沙班与华法林治疗肺栓塞患者的生活质量对比

57

艾多沙班治疗住院COVID-19患者的肺栓塞

58

直接口服抗凝药可以减少急性下肢深静脉血栓的治疗失败

60

接受充分口服抗凝药治疗的COVID-19肺炎患者肺栓塞的影响因素

59

胃肠肿瘤患者使用艾多沙班引起胃肠道出血的危险因素

55

Introduction
Treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism(CAVTE) remains challenging. The aim of this study was to assess the outcomes of direct acting oral anticoagulants(DOAs) for the treatment of CAVTE.
治疗癌症相关的静脉血栓栓塞症(CAVTE)仍然具有挑战性。本研究的目的是评估直接口服抗凝剂(DOAs)治疗CAVTE的结果。
Materials and methods
A network meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials comparing DOAs (Apixaban, Rivaroxaban, and Edoxaban) versus Dalteparin for the treatment of CAVTE was performed. Outcomes of interest included, VTE recurrence, all-cause mortality, event-free survival, major bleeding, and clinically relevant non-major bleeding (CRNMB). Analysis was based on a random effects model and Bayesian Markov-chain Monte Carlo method was used for indirect comparisons.
本网络荟萃分析比较了DOAs(阿哌沙班,利伐沙班和艾多沙班)与达肝素钠治疗CAVTE的随机临床试验。分析的结局事件包括VTE复发、全因死亡率、无事件生存率、大出血和临床相关的非大出血(CRNMB)。分析基于随机效应模型,间接比较使用贝叶斯·马尔可夫链·蒙特卡罗方法。
Results
Four RCTs involving 2894 patients were included. Overall certainty of evidence was moderate regarding all outcomes. DOAs exhibited lower risk of VTE(RR 0.62;95%CI 0.44,0.87;P=0.007), similar risk of major bleeding(RR 1.33;95%CI 0.84,2.11;P=0.23), and higher risk of CRNMB(RR 1.66,95%CI 1.08,2.56;P=0.02), compared with Dalteparin. Risk of all-cause mortality and event-free survival were similar between groups with RR 0.99(95%CI 0.84,1.16) and RR 1.03(95%CI 0.94,1.13), respectively. Apixaban ranked first for recurrent VTE(42.4%) and major bleeding(62.3%) and Dalteparin ranked first for CRNMB(54.7%). Rivaroxaban ranked best considering all-cause mortality(58.7%); Apixaban ranked best for event-free survival(83.6%).
纳入4项随机对照试验,共2894名患者。所有结果的总体证据确定性都是适度的。与达肝素钠相比,DOAs的VTE风险较低(RR 0.62;95%CI 0.44,0.87;P=0.007),大出血的风险相似(RR 1.33;95%CI 0.84,2.11;P=0.23),发生CRNMB风险较高(RR 1.66;95%CI 1.08,2.56;P=0.02)。两组的全因死亡率和无事件生存风险相似,RR分别为0.99(95%CI 0.84,1.16)和1.03(95%CI 0.94,1.13)。阿哌沙班在复发性VTE(42.4%)和大出血(62.3%)的发生率排名第一,达肝素钠在CRNMB中排名第一(54.7%)。利伐沙班全因死亡率排名最高(58.7%);阿哌沙班无事件生存率最高(83.6%)。
Conclusions
DOAs presented are duced risk of recurrent VTE with similar risk of major bleeding compared to Dalteparin. However, a higher risk of CRNMB is expected when this cohort of patients are treated with DOAs instead of Dalteparin.
与达肝素钠相比,DOAs降低复发性VTE风险,两组大出血风险相似。然而,DOAs较达肝素钠治疗时,临床相关的非大出血(CRNMB)的风险更高。

原文:https://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/17085381211002726?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%20%200pubmed

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A network meta-analysis of direct factor Xainhibitors for the treatment of cancer-associated venous thromboembolism

Vascular丨2021 Apr 1;17085381211002726

doi:10.1177/17085381211002726

直接因子Xa抑制剂治疗癌症相关静脉血栓栓塞症的网络荟萃分析

Background
In the Hokusai VTE Cancer study, the risk of major bleeding was 2.9% higher in the edoxaban group compared with the dalteparin group, mainly due to more gastrointestinal bleedings in patients with gastrointestinal cancer. The identification of risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding may help to guide the use of DOACs in these patients.
在Hokusai-VTE Cancer研究中,与达肝素组相比,艾多沙班组大出血风险高2.9%,主要原因是胃肠肿瘤患者胃肠道出血较多。确定胃肠道出血的危险因素可能有助于指导这些患者使用DOACs。
Objectives
To evaluate risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gas-trointestinal cancer receiving edoxaban.
评估接受艾多沙班治疗的胃肠肿瘤患者胃肠道出血的危险因素。
Patients/methods
In this nested case-control study in patients with gastrointestinal cancer randomized to edoxaban in the Hokusai VTE Cancer study, cases (patients with clinically relevant gastrointestinal bleeding during treatment) were randomly matched to three controls (patients who had no gastrointestinal bleeding). Data for the 4-week period prior to bleeding were retrospectively collected. Odds ratios (ORs) were calculated in a crude conditional logistic regression model and a multivariable model adjusted for age, sex, and cancer type.
在巢式病例对照研究Hokusai-VTE Cancer研究中随机分配到艾多沙班的胃肠肿瘤患者的中,病例(治疗期间临床相关消化道出血的患者)随机与三个对照组(没有胃肠道出血的患者)匹配。回顾性收集出血前4周的数据。在粗略的条件逻辑回归模型和针对年龄、性别和癌症类型调整的多变量模型中计算优势比(OR)。
Results
24 cases and 64 matched controls were included. In the multivariable analysis, advanced cancer, defined as regionally advanced or metastatic cancer (OR 3.6, 95% CI 1.01-12.6) and low hemoglobin levels (OR 4.8, 95% CI 1.5-16.0) were significantly associated with bleeding. There was no significant difference in patients with resected tumors (OR 0.4, 95% CI 0.1-1.4), or in patients on chemotherapy (OR 1.3, 95% CI 0.5-3.5).
研究共纳入24个病例和64个匹配的对照病例。在多变量分析中,定义为局部晚期或转移性肿瘤(OR 3.6,95%CI 1.01-12.6)和低血红蛋白水平(OR 4.8,95%CI 1.5-16.0)的晚期肿瘤与出血明显相关。对于肿瘤切除的患者(OR 0.4,95%CI 0.1-1.4)或化疗患者(OR 1.3,95%CI 0.5-3.5)则无显著差异。
Conclusion
Advanced cancer and low hemoglobin levels were associated with an increased risk of gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer receiving edoxaban. We were unable to identify other risk factors, mainly due to limited statistical power.
晚期肿瘤和低血红蛋白水平与接受艾多沙班治疗的胃肠肿瘤患者胃肠道出血风险增加有关。我们无法确定其他风险因素,主要是由于统计效力有限。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/jth.15516

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Risk factors for gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with gastrointestinal cancer using edoxaban

J Thromb Haemost丨2021 Aug 29

DOI: 10.1111/jth.15516

胃肠肿瘤患者使用艾多沙班引起胃肠道出血的危险因素

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ane.13506

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Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is caused by partial or complete occlusion of the major cerebral venous sinuses or the smaller feeding cortical veins which predispose to the risk of venous infarction and hemorrhage. Current guidelines recommend treating CVT with either low-molecular-weight heparin (LMWH) or unfractionated heparin (UFH) followed by an oral vitamin K antagonist (VKA) for 3–12 months. Direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) have already established benefit over warfarin as a long-term treatment of symptomatic venous thromboembolic disorder like deep vein thrombosis (DVT), and pulmonary embolism (PE) given its equal efficacy and better safety profile. The benefit of DOACs over warfarin as a long-term anticoagulation for CVT has likewise been extensively studied, yet it has not been approved as first-line therapy in the current practice. We therefore performed a systematic review and meta-analysis of relevant studies to generate robust evidence regarding the safety and efficacy of DOACs in CVT. This meta-analysis demonstrates that the use of DOACs in CVT has similar efficacy and safety compared to VKAs with better recanalization rate.
脑静脉血栓形成(cerebral venous thrombosis, CVT)是由于大脑主要静脉窦或较小的滋养静脉部分或完全闭塞而引起的,易导致静脉梗死和出血。目前的指南建议使用低分子肝素(LMWH)或普通肝素(UFH)治疗CVT,然后口服维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)治疗3-12个月。直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)在治疗有症状的静脉血栓栓塞性疾病(如深静脉血栓形成[DVT]和肺栓塞[PE])中,由于其同等的疗效和更好的安全性,已经证明其优于华法林。与华法林相比,DOACs作为CVT长期抗凝治疗药物的获益也得到了广泛的研究,但在目前的实践中,它尚未被批准作为一线治疗药物。因此,我们对相关研究进行了系统回顾和荟萃分析,以获得关于DOACs在CVT中的安全性和有效性的可靠证据。本meta分析显示,与VKA相比,在CVT中使用DOACs具有相似的疗效和安全性,并具有更好的再通率。

Acta Neurol Scand丨2021 Jul 21

DOI:10.1111/ane.13506

Safety and efficacy of Direct Oral Anticoagulants in cerebral venous thrombosis: A meta-analysis

直接口服抗凝剂治疗脑静脉血栓形成的安全性和有效性:一项荟萃分析

Background
Long- term sequelae of acute pulmonary embolism (PE) include de -creased quality of life (QoL). Evidence suggests that adequacy of initial anticoagulant treatment in the acute phase of venous thrombosis has a key impact on late post -thrombotic complications. We hypothesize that patients with acute PE treated with edoxaban for acute PE experience have improved QoL compared to those treated with warfarin..
急性肺栓塞(PE)的长期后遗症包括生活质量(QoL)下降。有证据表明,静脉血栓形成急性期初始抗凝治疗的充分性对晚期血栓后并发症有重要影响。我们假设与华法林治疗的急性PE患者相比,用艾多沙班治疗急性PE患者有更好的生活质量。
Methods
Patients with PE who participated in the Hokusai-VTE trial were contacted between June 2017 and September 2020 for a single long- term follow- up visit. Main outcomes were the generic and disease-specific QoL measured by the 36- Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36) and Pulmonary Embolism Quality of Life questionnaire.
2017年6月至2020年9月,研究人员联系了参加Hokusai-VTE试验的PE患者进行一次长期随访。主要结果是由36项简表健康调查(SF-36)和PE生活质量问卷测量的一般和疾病特异性生活质量。
Results
We included 251 patients from 26 centers in eight countries, of which 129 (51%) had been assigned to edoxaban and 122 (49%) to warfarin. Patient- and thrombus-specific characteristics were similar in both groups. Mean time since rand -omization in the Hokusai-VTE trial was 7.0 years (standard deviation, 1.0). No relevant or statistical differences were observed in the QoL for patients treated with edoxaban compared to patients treated with warfarin. The mean difference between patients treated with edoxaban and patients with PE treated with warfarin was 0.8 (95% confi -dence interval [CI]. −1.6 to 3.2) for the SF- 36 summary mental score and 1.6 (95% CI, −0.9 to 4.1) for summary physical score.
我们纳入了来自8个国家26个中心的251例患者,其中129例(51%)被分配到艾多沙班,122例(49%)被分配到华法林组。两组患者和血栓特异性特征相似。Hokusai-VTE试验随机化后的平均时间为7.0年(标准差为1.0)。与华法林治疗的患者相比,艾多沙班治疗的患者的生活质量没有相关或统计学差异。艾多沙班与华法林治疗的PE患者的平均差异为0.8(95%CI -1.6~3.2)。
Conclusion
Our findings indicate that patients with an index PE treated with edoxaban or warfarin have a similar long- term QoL. Since our study was a follow- up study from a well- controlled clinical trial setting, future studies should be designed in a daily clinical practice setting. We suggest a longitudinal design for investigation of changes in QoL over time.
我们的研究结果表明,用艾多沙班或华法林治疗的PE患者具有相似的长期生活质量。由于我们的研究是来自良好控制的临床试验环境的后续研究,因此未来的研究应在日常临床实践环境中设计。我们建议纵向设计去调查生活质量随时间的变化。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1002/rth2.12566

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Quality of life in patients with pulmonary embolism treated with edoxaban versus warfarin

Res Pract Thromb Haemost丨2021 Jul 14;5(5): e12566

DOI:10.1002/rth2.12566

艾多沙班与华法林治疗肺栓塞患者的生活质量对比

Purpose
We aimed to investigate the clinical performance of edoxaban for the treatment of pulmonary embolism (PE) in hospitalized COVID-19 patients.
目的是研究艾多沙班治疗住院的新冠肺炎(COVID-19)患者肺栓塞(PE)的临床表现。
Methods
We conducted a retrospective analysis selecting hospitalized patients with COVID-19 admitted to our Institution from 20 May 2020 to 20 November 2020 with computer tomography (CT) detected PE at admission, treated with edoxaban after initial parenteral therapy. Clinical outcomes were compared between patients with and without ARDS at admission and between those with and without CT confirmed PE resolution.
我们进行了一项回顾性分析,选择了2020年5月20日至2020年11月20日在我院住院的 COVID-19患者,这些患者在入院时经计算机断层扫描(CT)检测出PE,并在首次静脉注射治疗后接受了艾多沙班治疗。比较患者入院时是否有呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)以及是否有CT证实PE缓解的临床结局。
Results
50 patients were included. Mean follow-up was 42.5 ± 10 days. No baseline differences were found between patients with ARDS (30%) and those without ARDS at admission. Patients with PE resolution (84%) were younger (P = 0.03), had a shorter duration of fondaparinux therapy (9.9 ± 3.8 vs 15.8 ± 7.5 days; P = 0.0015) and length of hospitalization (36 ± 8 vs 46 ± 9 days: P = 0.0023) compared with those without PE resolution. 2 patients experienced major bleedings. At multivariate analysis the time to edoxaban switch was the only predictor of the PE resolution (HR: 0.92; 95% C.I. 0.86 to 0.99).
纳入50 例患者。平均随访 42.5±10天。入院时,伴ARDS患者(30%)与无ARDS患者之间没有基线差异。(84%)患者PE得到缓解,这些缓解的患者更年轻(P=0.03),磺达肝葵钠治疗持续时间更短 (9.9±3.8 vs. 15.8±7.5天,P=0.0015),住院时间更短(36±8 vs. 46±9天,P=0.0023)。2 例患者发生大出血。在多变量分析中,艾多沙班切换时间是PE缓解的唯一预测因素(HR 0.92,95%CI 0.86-0.99)。
Conclusion
Edoxaban was an effective and safe treatment for acute PE in COVID-19 setting.
艾多沙班是一种有效和安全的治疗COVID-19 急性肺栓塞的选择。

原文:https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/epub/10.1080/17512433.2021.1964359?needAccess=true

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Edoxaban for the treatment of pulmonary embolism in hospitalized COVID-19 patients

Expert Review Of Clinical Pharmacology丨2021 : 1–6.Published online 2021 Aug 17

Doi:10.1080/17512433.2021.1964359

艾多沙班治疗住院COVID-19患者的肺栓塞

Thrombotic complications are common in patients with severe COVID-19 pneumonia with important consequences on the diagnostic and therapeutic management. We report a consecutive series of fve patients on long-term oral anticoagulation therapy who presented to our hospital for severe COVID-19 pneumonia associated with segmental acute pulmonary embolism despite adherence to therapy and with an adequate anticoagulant range at the time of the event. Four patients were receiving a direct oral anticoagulant (two with edoxaban, one with rivaroxaban and one with apixaban) and one patient a vitamin K antagonist. No signifcant thrombotic risk factors, active cancer, or detectable venous thromboembolism were present. In all cases, elevated d-dimer and fbrinogen levels with a parallel rise in markers of infammation were documented. The combination of these fndings seems to support the hypothesis that considers the local vascular damage determined by severe viral infection as the main trigger of thrombi detected in the lungs, rather than emboli from peripheral veins.
重症COVID-19肺炎患者常见血栓并发症,对诊断和治疗管理有重要影响。我们报告了5例长期口服抗凝治疗的患者,尽管他们坚持抗凝治疗并且在事件发生时具有足够的抗凝治疗窗,仍因重症COVID-19肺炎合并节段性急性肺栓塞入院。其中4例患者接受直接口服抗凝剂(2例接受艾多沙班,1例接受利伐沙班,1例接受阿哌沙班)治疗,1例患者接受维生素K拮抗剂治疗。没有显著的血栓形成危险因素、活动性癌症或可检测到的静脉血栓栓塞。所有病例D-二聚体和纤维蛋白原水平升高,同时炎症标志物水平升高。这些发现似乎支持这样的假设:严重病毒感染导致的局部血管损伤是肺部检测到血栓的主要诱发因素,而不是来自外周静脉的栓子。

原文:https://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007/s11239-021-02589-y.pdf

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Pulmonary embolism in patients with COVID‑19 pneumonia on adequate oral anticoagulation

J Thromb Thrombolysis丨2021 Oct 27

DOI: 10.1007/s11239-021-02589-y

接受充分口服抗凝药治疗的COVID-19肺炎患者肺栓塞的影响因素

Background
Optimal medical therapy for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis (DVT) remains an enigma. While clinical trials demonstrate non-inferiority with an oral anti-Xa inhibitor, or direct oral anticoagulant (DOAC), versus combined low–molecular weight heparin (LMWH) and oral vitamin K antagonist (VKA), the most effective regimen remains to be determined.
急性下肢深静脉血栓(DVT)的最佳药物治疗仍然是一个谜。虽然临床试验已证明口服Xa抑制剂或直接口服抗凝药(DOAC)的疗效非劣效于低分子肝素(LMWH)和口服维生素K拮抗剂(VKA)的联合治疗,但最有效的方案仍有待确定。
Methods
This study is a single-center retrospective cohort study from October 2014 to December 2015 of patients with a diagnosis of acute DVT and subsequent serial lower extremity venous duplex. Demographics, medical history, medications, serial ultrasound findings, as well as the primary anticoagulant used for treatment were collected and analyzed by two independent data extractors. Treatment failure was defined as any new DVT or progression of an existing DVT within 3 months of diagnosis of the index clot. Risk factors for treatment failure were assessed using standard odds ratios and Fischer’s exact test.
本研究是一个单中心回顾性的队列研究,研究对象为2014年10月至2015年12月期间诊断出急性DVT以及有持续随访下肢静脉超声检测的患者。两个独立的数据提取器收集和分析了人口统计学、疾病史、药物治疗、超声检查结果以及起始治疗的抗凝药。治疗失败被定义为任何新发DVT或3个月内诊断出DVT的血凝块出现进展。治疗失败的风险因素使用标准优势比和Fischer精确检验来评估。
Results
Among 496 patients with an acute lower extremity DVT, 54% (n = 266) were men, mean age was 61 years, 35% (n = 174) involved the popliteal or more proximal segments, and 442 had documentation of the primary treatment for DVT: 20% (n = 90) received nothing; 20% (n = 92) received an oral VKA; 34% (n = 149) received a DOAC; 20% (n = 90) received LMWH; and 5% (n = 21) received another class of anticoagulant. Within 3 months, 21% (n=89 out of 427) had treatment failure defined as any new DVT or progression of prior DVT. Patients treated with a DOAC were less likely to experience treatment failure when compared with any other treatment (odds ratio 0.43; 95% confidence intervals [0.23, 0.79]; p = 0.0069) and when compared with traditional oral VKA (OR 0.44; 95% CI [0.21, 0.92]; p = 0.029). None of prior history of DVT, pulmonary embolism, thrombophilia, renal insufficiency, hepatic insufficiency, cancer, or antiplatelet therapy correlated with treatment failure. Treatment outcome did not correlate with being on any anticoagulation versus none (p = 0.74), nor did it correlate with the duration of treatment (<3 months versus ≥3 months) (p = 0.42). Proximal and distal DVTs showed no difference in treatment failure (19% versus 22%, respectively; p = 0.43).
在496例急性下肢DVT患者中,54%(n=266)为男性,平均年龄为61岁,35%(n=174)为腘静脉或更近端的部位,442例有起始治疗的记录:20%(n=90)没有治疗、20%(n= 92)接受了口服VKA、34%(n=149)口服DOAC治疗、20%(n=90)使用LMWH治疗、

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Direct oral anticoagulants decrease treatment failure for acute lower extremity deep venous thrombosis

Vascular丨2021 Sep 26. 

DOI: 10.1177/17085381211042231.

直接口服抗凝药可以减少急性下肢深静脉血栓的治疗失败

5% (n=21)使用了另一种类型的抗凝药。21%(427人中的89人)的患者治疗失败,即出现新发DVT或原有DVT出现进展。与任何其他治疗相比(OR 0.43;95%CI[0.23, 0.79],P =0.0069)以及与传统的口服VKA相比(OR 0.44;95%CI[0.21,0.92];P=0.029),接受DOAC治疗的患者发生治疗失败的可能性更小。DVT、肺栓塞、血栓形成倾向、肾功能不全、肝功能不全、癌症或抗血小板治疗的既往史与治疗失败均无关联。治疗结果与是否使用任何抗凝治疗均不相关(P=0.74),也与治疗持续时间(<3 个月与≥3个月)无关(P=0.42)。近端和远端DVT在治疗失败方面没有差异(分别为19% 和22%;P=0.43)。
Conclusions
In summary, the use of a DOAC for acute lower extremity DVT yielded better overall outcomes and fewer treatment failures at 3 months as compared to traditional oral VKA therapy based on serial duplex imaging.
持续随访的多普勒超声显示,与传统口服VKA治疗相比,使用DOAC治疗急性下肢DVT在3个月内产生了更好的治疗结果和更少的治疗失败。

原文:

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其它

Contents

艾多沙班给药时间影响大鼠血凝抑制 

64

口服抗凝剂在母乳喂养期间的安全性:叙述性回顾

65

用andexanet alfa逆转后测量直接因子Xa抑制剂的残余抗Xa活性

67

艾多沙班与药物之间的相互作用:从药理学到临床实践

68

艾多沙班有助于内皮细胞重要功能

69

艾多沙班和华法林对血管重塑的影响:动脉粥样硬化斑块进展和侧支动脉生长

70

COVID-19患者门诊和住院抗凝治疗与住院风险和死亡风险有关

71

通过心血管频谱中的药物和设备实现个性化抗血栓治疗

72

高剂量与低剂量4因子凝血酶原复合浓缩物逆转Xa因子抑制剂相关颅内出血的对比

73

使用直接口服抗凝剂的药物遗传学来预测其药代动力学的变化和药物不良反应的风险

66

艾多沙班通过减少血脑屏障损伤和炎症来减轻小鼠的急性卒中严重程度

63

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/1422-0067/22/18/9893/htm

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Patients with atrial fibrillation and previous ischemic stroke (IS) are at increased risk of cerebrovascular events despite anticoagulation. In these patients, treatment with non-vitamin K oral anticoagulants (NOAC) such as edoxaban reduced the probability and severity of further IS without increasing the risk of major bleeding. However, the detailed protective mechanism of edoxaban has not yet been investigated in a model of ischemia/reperfusion injury. Therefore, in the current study we aimed to assess in a clinically relevant setting whether treatment with edoxaban attenuates stroke severity, and whether edoxaban has an impact on the local cerebral inflammatory response and blood–brain barrier (BBB) function after experimental IS in mice. Focal cerebral ischemia was induced by transient middle cerebral artery occlusion in male mice receiving edoxaban, phenprocoumon or vehicle. Infarct volumes, functional outcome and the occurrence of intracerebral hemorrhage were assessed. BBB damage and the extent of local inflammatory response were determined. Treatment with edoxaban significantly reduced infarct volumes and improved neurological outcome and BBB function on day 1 and attenuated brain tissue inflammation. In summary, our study provides evidence that edoxaban might exert its protective effect in human IS by modulating different key steps of IS pathophysiology, but further studies are warranted.
尽管进行了抗凝治疗,但患有心房颤动和既往缺血性卒中(IS)的患者发生脑血管事件的风险仍较高。在这些患者中,使用非维生素K口服抗凝剂(NOAC)如艾多沙班进行治疗可降低再发脑卒中的可能性和严重程度,而不会增加大出血的风险。然而,艾多沙班在缺血/再灌注损伤模型中详细保护机制仍未被研究。因此,在目前的研究中,我们的目的是在临床相关环境中评估艾多沙班治疗是否能减轻卒中的严重程度,以及艾多沙班是否对小鼠实验性IS后的局部脑炎症反应和血脑屏障(BBB)功能有影响。通过短暂闭塞雄性小鼠大脑中动脉诱导局灶性脑缺血,随后分别给予艾多沙班、苯丙香豆素或空白对照。评估梗死体积、功能结果和脑出血的发生,确定BBB损伤和局部炎症反应的程度。艾多沙班在治疗第1天显著减少梗死体积,改善神经系统结果和BBB功能,并减轻了脑组织炎症。总之,我们的研究表明,艾多沙班可能通过调节脑卒中病理生理的不同关键步骤对人类脑卒中发挥其保护作用,但仍需要进一步研究。

Treatment with EdoxabanAttenuates Acute Stroke Severity in Mice by Reducing Blood-Brain Barrier Damage and Inflammation

Int J Mol Sci丨2021 Sep 13

DOI:10.3390/ijms22189893

艾多沙班通过减少血脑屏障损伤和炎症来减轻小鼠的急性卒中严重程度

Coagulation–fibrinolytic system activity shows daily rhythmicity, with hypercoagulability in the morning and hypocoagulability in the evening. Consequently, the efficacy of anticoagulants may be influenced by their dosing time. Edoxaban, a selective inhibitor of the active form of coagulation factor X (FXa), is taken orally once daily, but the optimal dosing time is unknown. This study evaluated the dosing time-dependent effects of edoxaban on coagulation activity and thrombus formation in rats. Edoxaban (10 mg/kg) or vehicle was administered to Wistar rats at zeitgeber time (ZT)-2 (beginning of the light phase) or ZT14 (beginning of the dark phase), followed by blood collection at ZT4, ZT10, ZT16, or ZT22, to measure the activity of coagulation factors and edoxaban concentrations, or followed by inferior vena cava ligations at ZT4 or ZT16, to assess the efficacy of edoxaban against thrombus formation. Coagulation FX activity was high during the light phase, and a single dose of edoxaban administered at ZT2 inhibited FX activity and thrombus formation more potently compared with the same dose administered at ZT14. The inhibitory effects during the light phase could be attributed, at least in part, to the high blood concentration of edoxaban achieved by dosing at ZT2. Morning dosing of edoxaban leads to a high blood concentration of the drug during the morning hours and thus may better counteract the hypercoagulability and hypofibrinolytic activity characteristic of the morning hours. Optimizing the dosing time may contribute to improving the efficacy of edoxaban.
凝血-纤维蛋白溶解系统活动显示每日呈节律性,也即早晨高凝状态,晚上低凝状态。因此,抗凝剂的功效可能受其给药时间的影响。艾多沙班是凝血因子X(FXa)活性形式的选择性抑制剂,每日口服一次,但最佳给药时间尚不清楚。本研究评估了艾多沙班对大鼠凝血活性和血栓形成的剂量-时间依赖性影响。在授时因子时间(ZT)-2(光亮期开始)或ZT14(黑暗期开始)给Wistar大鼠使用艾多沙班(10 mg/kg)或载体,然后在ZT4、ZT10、ZT16或ZT22采血,测量凝血因子活性和艾多沙班浓度,或随后在ZT4或ZT16处进行下腔静脉结扎,以评估艾多沙班对血栓形成的作用。在光亮期间凝血FX活性高,并且与在ZT14使用的相同剂量相比,在ZT2使用的单剂量艾多沙班可更有效地抑制FX活性和血栓形成。光亮期间的抑制作用可至少部分归因于通过在ZT2给药实现的艾多沙班的高血液浓度。早晨给予艾多沙班导致早晨药物血液浓度较高,因此可以更好地抵消早晨特征性的高凝状态和低纤维蛋白溶解活性。优化给药时间可能有助于提高艾多沙班的疗效。 

原文:https://www.thieme-connect.com/products/ejournals/pdf/10.1055/s-0041-1725041.pdf

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Edoxaban Dosing Time Affects Blood Coagulation Inhibition in Rats 

TH Open丨2021 Apr 14;5(2):e107-e112 

DOI: 10.1055/s-0041-1725041 PMID: 33870074 

艾多沙班给药时间影响大鼠血凝抑制 

Purpose
There are limited data regarding the safety of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) during breastfeeding. The aim of the present study is to investigate the extent of excretion of DOACs into human milk according to the available clinical and experimental studies.
关于母乳喂养期间使用直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs)的安全性数据有限。本研究的目的是根据现有的临床和试验研究调查DOACs在人乳汁中的排泄程度。
Methods
On 16th January 2021, we systematically searched PubMed, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science for all studies which investigated DOACs in breastfeeding without any time frame and language limitation. Search keywords were [breastfeeding, breast feeding, breastfed, lactation, milk secretion OR milk] AND [apixaban OR Eliquist OR rivaroxaban OR Xarelto OR edoxaban OR Savaysa OR dabigatran OR Pradaxa OR dabigatran etexilate OR dabigatran etexilate mesylate OR direct oral anticoagulant OR DOAC OR new oral anticoagulant OR NOAC]. Finally, we identified six articles which reported DOAC use during breastfeeding or lactation.
2021年1月16日,我们系统地搜索了PubMed,Scopus,Embase和Web of Science的所有研究,这些研究调查了母乳喂养中的DOACs,没有任何时间框架和语言限制。搜索关键词是(breastfeeding, breast feeding, breastfed, lactation, milk secretion或milk)和(apixaban或Eliquist或rivaroxaban或Xarelto或edoxaban或Savaysa或dabigatran或Pradaxa或dabigatran etexilate或dabigatran etexilate mesylate或direct oral anticoagulant或DOAC或new oral anticoagulant或NOAC)。最后,我们确定了六篇在母乳喂养或哺乳期间使用DOACs的文章。
Results and Findings
According to the available limited data, dabigatran has the least excretion in human breast milk. Rivaroxaban and dabigatran both have acceptable milk excretion cutoffs, whereas apixaban milk excretion is greater than the maximum allowed range. Further well-designed studies with larger sample sizes are required to generate consistent comparable data and clarify benefits and risks of each DOAC during breastfeeding.
根据目前有限的数据,达比加群在人母乳中排泄最少。利伐沙班和达比加群都具有可接受的乳汁排泄截断值,而阿哌沙班乳汁排泄量大于最大允许范围。还需要进一步设计更大样本量的研究来产生一致的具有可比性的数据,并阐明母乳喂养期间应用每种DOACs的获益和风险。

原文:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s00228-021-03154-5

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Direct oral anticoagulant safety during breastfeeding: a narrative review

Eur J Clin Pharmacol丨2021 May 8

DOI: 10.1007/s00228-021-03154-5 

口服抗凝剂在母乳喂养期间的安全性:叙述性回顾

Dabigatran, rivaroxaban, apixaban, and edoxaban are direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) that are increasingly used worldwide. Taking into account their widespread use for the prevention of thromboembolism in cardiology, neurology, orthopedics, and coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID 19) as well as their different pharmacokinetics and pharmacogenetics dependence, it is critical to explore new opportunities for DOACs administration and predict their dosage when used as monotherapy or in combination with other drugs. In this review, we describe the details of the relative pharmacogenetics on the pharmacokinetics of DOACs as well as new data concerning the clinical characteristics that predetermine the needed dosage and the risk of adverse drug reactions (ADRs). The usefulness of genetic information before and shortly after the initiation of DOACs is also discussed. The reasons for particular attention to these issues are not only new genetic knowledge and genotyping possibilities, but also the risk of serious ADRs (primarily, gastrointestinal bleeding). Taking into account the effect of the carriership of single nucleotide variants (SNVs) of genes encoding biotransformation enzymes and DOACs metabolism, the use of these measures is important to predict changes in pharmacokinetics and the risk of ADRs in patients with a high risk of thromboembolism who receive anticoagulant therapy.
达比加群、利伐沙班、阿哌沙班和艾多沙班作为直接口服抗凝剂(DOACs),在世界范围内越来越多地被使用。考虑到它们被广泛用于预防心血管、脑血管、骨科和新型冠状病毒肺炎(COVID-19)中的血栓栓塞症,以及它们不同的药代动力学和药物遗传学依赖性,探索新启用DOACs的给药机会,并预测其作为单独治疗或与其他药物联合使用时的剂量至关重要。在这篇综述中,我们描述了有关DOACs药代动力学的相对药物遗传学的详细信息,以及有关预先确定所需剂量和药物不良反应(ADRs)风险的临床特征的新数据。还讨论了DOACs启动前和启动后不久的遗传信息的用途。特别注意这些问题的原因不仅是新的遗传知识和基因分型的可能性,而且还有出现严重ADRs(主要是胃肠道出血)的风险。考虑到编码生物转化酶和DOACs代谢的基因的单核苷酸变体(SNV)携带者的影响,使用这些措施对于预测接受抗凝治疗的血栓栓塞高风险患者的药代动力学变化和ADR风险非常重要。

原文:https://www.mdpi.com/2227-9059/9/5/451/htm

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Using Pharmacogenetics of Direct Oral Anticoagulants to Predict Changes in Their Pharmacokinetics and the Risk of Adverse Drug Reactions

TH Open丨2021 Apr 14;5(2):e107-e112 

DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9050451

使用直接口服抗凝剂的药物遗传学来预测其药代动力学的变化和药物不良反应的风险

Introduction
Andexanet alfa (AnXa) was developed for anticoagulant effect reversal of direct factor Xa inhibitors (DXaI) (apixaban, rivaroxaban, edoxaban) in emergency situations. Regular anti-Xa assays are not suitable to evaluate anti-Xa activity after AnXa administration because of the high sample dilution resulting in the AnXa-DXaI dissociation which gives inaccurately high DXaI measured concentrations. This study aimed at developing dedicated STA-Liquid anti-Xa test set-ups for accurately measuring DXaI after reversal with AnXa.
Andexanet alfa(AnXa)被开发用于在紧急情况下逆转直接Xa因子抑制剂(DXaI)(阿哌沙班、利伐沙班、艾多沙班)的抗凝血作用。常规抗Xa测定不适合评估AnXa使用后的抗Xa活性,因为样品高度稀释会导致AnXa-DXaI解离,这会给出不准确的高DXaI测量浓度。本研究旨在开发专用的STA液体抗Xa测试装置,用于在用AnXa逆转后准确测量DXaI。
Methods
Modified anti-Xa test set-ups, with reduced sample dilution, were devel-oped to overcome regular assays limitations and to improve measured accuracy with results comparable to Portola microplate reference method used in clinical stud-ies. Both regular and optimized assays were used to measure DXaI concentration in AnXa- containing samples. Quality controls, normal pooled plasma spiked with five DXaI and three AnXa concentrations, samples from DXaI-treated patients spiked with AnXa and ex vivo healthy volunteers having received both DXaI and AnXa were used.
研究人员开发了改进的抗Xa测试装置,减少了样品稀释度,以克服常规测定的局限性并提高测量的准确性,其结果与临床研究中使用的Portola微孔板参照法相当。常规和优化的测定均用于测量含AnXa样品中的DXaI浓度。使用质量控制,掺入五种DXaI和三种AnXa浓度的正常合并血浆,样本来自掺入AnXa的DXaI治疗患者和离体的接受DXaI和AnXa的健康志愿者
Results
The lower limit of quantitation of optimized anti-Xa assays was <10 ng/mL with CVs ≤10%. DXaI samples containing 300 ng/mL and 1 μmol/L AnXa resulted in DXaI residual concentrations of 29-72 ng/mL depending on the DXaI (76%-90% reversal), compared to 20-28 ng/mL with reference method (92%-94% reversal) and 135- 165 ng/mL with regular assays (about 50% reversal).
优化的抗Xa测定的定量下限为10 ng/mL. DXaI样本含300 ng/mL及每1 μmol/L AnXa导致DXaI残留浓度为29~72 ng/mL,具体取决于DXaI(76%~90%逆转),而参考方法为20~28 ng/mL(92%~94%逆转)和常规测定135~165 ng/mL(约50%逆转)。
Conclusion
Modified test set-ups are automated alternative to reference method with improved precision and reproducibility. They can be run in all laboratories where regular anti-Xa assays are performed using commercially available reagents.
修改后的测试装置是参考方法的自动化替代品,具有更高的精度和可重复性。它们可以在使用市售试剂进行常规抗Xa测定的所有实验室中使用。

原文:https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/epdf/10.1111/ijlh.13591

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Measuring residual anti-Xa activity of direct factor Xa inhibitors after reversal with andexanet alfa

Int J Lab Hematol丨2021 Jun 5

DOI: 10.1111/ijlh.13591

用andexanet alfa逆转后测量直接因子Xa抑制剂的残余抗Xa活性

 
Edoxaban, a direct factor Xa inhibitor, is the latest of the non-vitamin K antagonist oral anticoagulants (NOACs). Despite being marketed later than other NOACs, its use is now spreading in current clinical practice, being indicated for both thromboprophylaxis in patients with non-valvular atrial fibrillation (NVAF) and for the treatment and prevention of venous thromboembolism (VTE). In patients with multiple conditions, the contemporary administration of several drugs can cause relevant drug-drug interactions (DDIs), which can affect drugs’ pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics. Usually, all the NOACs are considered to have significantly fewer DDIs than vitamin K antagonists; notwithstanding, this is actually not true, all of them are affected by DDIs with drugs that can influence the activity (induction or inhibition) of P-glycoprotein (P-gp) and cytochrome P450 3A4, both responsible for the disposition and metabolism of NOACs to a different extent. In this review/expert opinion, we focused on an extensive report of edoxaban DDIs. All the relevant drugs categories have been examined to report on significant DDIs, discussing the impact on edoxaban pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics, and the evidence for dose adjustment. Our analysis found that, despite a restrained number of interactions, some strong inhibitors/inducers of P-gp and drug-metabolising enzymes can affect edoxaban concentration, just as it happens with other NOACs, implying the need for a dose adjustment. However, our analysis of edoxaban DDIs suggests that given the small propensity for interactions of this agent, its use represents an acceptable clinical decision. Still, DDIs can be significant in certain clinical situations and a careful evaluation is always needed when prescribing NOACs.
艾多沙班是一种直接Xa因子抑制剂,是最新的非维生素K拮抗剂口服抗凝剂(NOACs)。尽管其上市时间晚于其他NOACs,但其目前广泛应用于临床实践中,用于非瓣膜性房颤(NVAF)患者的栓塞预防和静脉血栓栓塞(VTE)的治疗及预防。在合并多种疾病的患者中,同时服用多种药物会引起相关的药物-药物相互作用(DDI),影响药物的药代动力学和药效学。通常认为,所有NOACs的DDI明显少于维生素K拮抗剂。然而事实并非如此,它们都受到DDI的影响,这些DDI的药物可以影响p -糖蛋白(P-gp)和细胞色素P450 3A4的活性(诱导或抑制),两者在不同程度上负责NOACs的处置和代谢。在这篇文章中,我们关注了艾多沙班DDI的研究。对所有相关药物类别进行了检查,以报告显著的DDI,讨论了对艾多沙班药代动力学和药效学的影响,以及对剂量调整的证据。我们的分析发现,尽管受到一些相互作用的限制,P-gp和药物代谢酶的强抑制剂/诱导物可以影响艾多沙班的浓度,就像对其他NOACs的影响一样,这提示需要调整剂量。然而,对艾多沙班DDI的分析表明,该药物的相互作用较小,其使用代表了一个可接受的临床决策。DDI在一些临床情况下可能很重要,在处方NOACs时应仔细评估。

原文:https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007%2Fs40265-020-01328-6

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Edoxaban and the Issue of Drug-Drug Interactions: From Pharmacology to Clinical Practice

Drugs丨2020 Jul 

 

艾多沙班与药物之间的相互作用:从药理学到临床实践

Background:
We aimed to study the effects of the new oral anticoagulant edoxaban, a factor X activated (FXa) inhibitor, on key endothelial functions that could contribute to cardiovascular benefit.
本研究的目的是分析新型口服抗凝剂艾多沙班(FXa抑制剂)对可能有助于心血管益处的关键内皮功能的影响。
Methods:
Human umbilical endothelial cells (HUVEC) were obtained from donated umbilical cords and used to analyse 1) structural functions like cell proliferation, migration, and angiogenesis in appropriate assays; 2) anti-inflammatory reactions as mononuclear cell (PBMC) or platelet adhesion to HUVEC monolayers; and 3) haemostasis control by fibrin formation or plasminogen activator modulation. Key molecular effectors and signalling pathways on each function were explored by profiled protein arrays, mRNA, or protein expression analyses.
从捐赠的脐带中提取人脐内皮细胞(HUVEC),用于分析1)细胞增殖、迁移和血管生成等结构功能; 2)抗炎反应,如单核细胞(PBMC)或血小板粘附于HUVEC单层; 3)通过调节纤维蛋白或纤溶酶原激活物的形成来控制止血。通过分析蛋白阵列、mRNA或蛋白表达分析,探索每个功能上的关键分子效应和信号通路。
Results:
Edoxaban promoted viability and growth in HUVEC cultures, as well as counteracted the promigratory and antiangiogenic effects of FXa, through action on the PI3K/AKT pathway. Edoxaban inhibited the adhesion to endothelial cells and the transmigration through endothelial monolayers of PBMC, and even counteracted the action of pro-inflammatory stimuli such as FXa by blocking the FXa-induced expression of cell adhesion molecules via the PAR 1-2/PI3K/NF-kB pathway. Haemostatic control of edoxaban could be exerted from the endothelium by the reduction of platelets’ adhesion to endothelial cells and the possible acute activation of urokinase plasminogen activator.
艾多沙班促进HUVEC的活力和生长,并通过对PI3K/AKT通路的作用进而抵消FXa的促迁移和抗血管生成作用。艾多沙班通过PAR -1-2/PI3K/NF-kB通路阻断FXa诱导的细胞粘附分子的表达,抑制PBMC对内皮细胞的粘附和内皮单层细胞的迁移,同时抑制FXa促炎的作用。艾多沙班的抗凝效应可通过降低血小板对内皮细胞的粘附、快速激活尿激酶纤溶酶原激活物来实现。
Conclusions:
Edoxaban is a safe and structural stabilizing factor for endothelial cells and also has remarkable anti-inflammatory action, preventing PBMC adhesion and transmigration through the endothelium. It may also contribute to haemostasis control by reducing platelet adhesion. Its main molecular mechanism seems to be the control of the PI3K/NF-κB pathways.
艾多沙班是一种安全的内皮细胞结构稳定因子,具有显著的抗炎作用,可防止PBMC通过内皮细胞粘附和迁移。它还可以通过减少血小板粘附来控制止血。其主要分子机制可能是控制PI3K/NF-κB通路。

原文:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0006295220302975?via%3Dihub

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Edoxaban’s contribution to key endothelial cell functions

Biochem Pharmacol丨2020 Aug

DOI:10.1016/j.bcp.2020.114063.

艾多沙班有助于内皮细胞重要功能

Background and purpose:
Oral anticoagulation prevents thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation. Factor Xa inhibitors, like edoxaban, are known to reduce inflammation and proliferation of smooth muscle cells, while vitamin K antagonism can cause vascular calcific damage. The influence of edoxaban compared to warfarin on vascular remodeling, atherosclerosis and arteriogenesis is unknown.
口服抗凝药物可预防房颤血栓栓塞。Xa因子抑制剂,如艾多沙班,已证实可以减少平滑肌细胞的炎症和增殖,而维生素K拮抗剂可以引起血管钙化损伤。与华法林相比,艾多沙班对血管重塑、动脉粥样硬化和动脉生成的影响尚不清楚。
Experimental approach:
Apolipoprotein E knockout (ApoE−/−) mice were fed cholesterol-rich diet alone (control, co), with warfarin+vitamin K1 (warf) or with edoxaban (Edo) for 8 weeks. After 6 weeks, femoral artery ligation was performed.
载脂蛋白E基因敲除(ApoE-/-)小鼠分别饲喂富含胆固醇的饮食(control, co)、华法林+维生素K1 (warf)或艾多沙班(Edo),共8周。6周后进行股动脉结扎。
Key results:
There was no difference in hind-limb perfusion restoration between the three groups after 14 days (Co 0.36 ± 0.05 vs. Warf 0.39 ± 0.09 (p = .39), Co vs. Edo 0.51 ± 0.06 (p = .089), Warf vs. Edo (p = .83)) after ligation. Immuno-histologically, there was no difference in smooth muscle cell count in both hindlimbs between the three groups or in the amount of perivascular macrophages in collateral-bearing hindlimb tissue. Edoxaban showed the lowest amount of plaque tissue in the aortic sinus tissue (Co 74 ± 11% vs. Edo 62 ± 12% (p = .024), Co vs. Warf 69 ± 14% (p = .30), Edo vs. Warf (p = .14)) as well as the least amount of fibrosis (Co 3.1 ± 0.9% vs. Edo 1.7 ± 0.6% (p = .027), Co vs. Warf 4.1 ± 0.7% (p = .081), Edo vs. Warf (p < .001)). No difference in mRNA content of inflammatory cytokines in muscle tissue or spleen was detected between the three groups.
结扎后14天,三组小鼠后肢灌注恢复情况无差异(Co 0.36±0.05 vs. Warf 0.39±0.09[P = .39],Co vs. Edo 0.51±0.06[P = .089],Warf vs. Edo[P = .83])。免疫组织学观察,三组小鼠两侧后肢平滑肌细胞计数及侧支后肢组织血管周巨噬细胞数量均无差异。在主动脉窦中,艾多沙班组显示最低数量的斑块组织(Co 74 ± 11% vs. Edo 62 ± 12%[P = .024], Co vs. Warf 69 ± 14%[P = .30], Edo vs. Warf[P = .14])以及最少的纤维化(Co 3.1 ± 0.9% vs. Edo 1.7 ± 0.6%[P = .027], Co vs. Warf 4.1 ± 0.7%[P = .081], Edo vs. Warf[P <.001] )。三组间肌肉组织和脾脏炎症细胞因子相关mRNA含量无差异。
Conclusion and implications:
These data suggest that treatment with edoxaban unlike warfarin prevents vascular maladaptive remodeling, which may be clinically important.
研究数据表明,与华法林相比,艾多沙班可以预防血管的不良重构,这可能具有重要的临床意义。

原文:https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S1537189119303933?via%3Dihub

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Effects of edoxaban and warfarin on vascular remodeling: Atherosclerotic plaque progression and collateral artery growth

Vascul Pharmacol丨2020 Apr

DOI:10.1016/j.vph.2020.106661

艾多沙班和华法林对血管重塑的影响:动脉粥样硬化斑块进展和侧支动脉生长

Background
Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is associated with a hypercoagulable state. Limited data exist informing the relationship between anticoagulation therapy and risk for COVID-19 related hospitalization and mortality.
2019年冠状病毒疾病(COVID-19)与高凝状态有关。有限数据表明抗凝治疗与COVID-19住院和死亡风险有关。
Patients/methods
We evaluated all patients over the age of 18 diagnosed with COVID-19 in a prospective cohort study from March 4th to August 27th, 2020 among 12 hospitals and 60 clinics of M Health Fairview system (USA). We investigated the relationship between (1) 90-day anticoagulation therapy among outpatients before COVID-19 diagnosis and the risk for hospitalization and mortality and (2) Inpatient anticoagulation therapy and mortality risk.
我们开展了一项前瞻性队列研究,评估2020年3月4日至8月27日M Health Fairview 系统(美国)的12家医院和60家诊所中所有18岁以上诊断为COVID-19的患者。我们调查了(1)门诊患者诊断COVID-19前的90天抗凝治疗与住院和死亡风险之间的关系,以及(2)住院患者抗凝治疗与死亡风险之间的关系。
Results
Of 6195 patients, 598 were immediately hospitalized and 5597 were treated as outpatients. The overall case-fatality rate was 2.8% (n = 175 deaths). Among the patients who were hospitalized, the inpatient mortality was 13%. Among the 5597 COVID-19 patients initially treated as outpatients, 160 (2.9%) were on anticoagulation and 331 were eventually hospitalized (5.9%). In a multivariable analysis, outpatient anticoagulation use was associated with a 43% reduction in risk for hospital admission, HR (95% CI = 0.57, 0.38-0.86), p = 0.007, but was not associated with mortality, HR (95% CI=0.88, 0.50 -1.52), p = 0.64. Inpatients who were not on anticoagulation (before or after hospitalization) had an increased risk for mortality, HR (95% CI = 2.26, 1.17-4.37), p = 0.015.
共计6195例患者,其中598例住院患者,5597例门诊患者。总病死率为2.8%(n=175例死亡)。在住院患者中,住院死亡率为13%。最初在门诊治疗的5597例COVID-19患者中,有160例(2.9%)接受了抗凝治疗,331例最终转为住院治疗(5.9%)。在多变量分析中,门诊抗凝治疗可降低43%的住院风险(HR=0.57, 95%CI[0.38-0.86],P=0.007),但与死亡率无关(HR=0.88, 95%CI[0.50-1.52], P=0.64)。未接受抗凝治疗的住院患者死亡风险显著增加(HR=2.26, 95%CI[1.17-4.37],P=0.015)。
Conclusion
Outpatients with COVID-19 who were on outpatient anticoagulation at the time of diagnosis experienced a 43% reduced risk of hospitalization. Failure to initiate anticoagulation upon hospitalization or maintaining outpatient anticoagulation in hospitalized COVID-19 patients was associated with increased mortality risk.
诊断为COVID-19的门诊患者接受抗凝治疗后,住院风险下降了43%。住院的COVID-19患者中,未能在住院时启动抗凝治疗或维持住院前的抗凝治疗与死亡风险增加有关。

原文:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8461367/pdf/main.pdf

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Outpatient and inpatient anticoagulation therapy and the risk for hospital admission and death among COVID-19 patients

E Clinical Medicine丨2021 Sep 24

DOI: 10.1016/j.eclinm.2021.101139

COVID-19患者门诊和住院抗凝治疗与住院风险和死亡风险有关

Intravascular thrombus formation and embolization are among the most frequent events leading to a number of cardiovascular conditions with high morbidity and mortality. The underlying causes are stasis of the circulating blood, genetic and acquired coagulation disorders, and reduced antithrombotic or prothrombotic properties of the vascular wall (Virchow’s triad). In the venous system, intravascular thrombi can cause venous thrombosis and pulmonary and even peripheral embolism including ischaemic stroke [through a patent foramen ovale (PFO)]. Thrombi in the left atrium and its appendage or ventricle form in the context of atrial fibrillation and infarction, respectively. Furthermore, thrombi can form on native or prosthetic aortic valves, within the aorta (in particular at sites of ulcers, aortic dissection, and abdominal aneurysms), and in cerebral and peripheral arteries causing stroke and critical limb ischaemia, respectively. Finally, thrombotic occlusion may occur in arteries supplying vital organs such the heart, brain, kidney, and extremities. Thrombus formation and embolization can be managed with anticoagulants and devices depending on where they form and embolize and on patient characteristics. Vitamin K antagonists are preferred in patients with mechanical valves, while novel oral anticoagulants are first choice in most other cardiovascular conditions, in particular venous thromboembolism and atrial fibrillation. As anticoagulants are associated with a risk of bleeding, devices such as occluders of a PFO or the left atrial appendage are preferred in patients with an increased bleeding risk. Platelet inhibitors such as aspirin and/or P2Y12 antagonists are preferred in the secondary prevention of coronary artery disease, stroke, and peripheral artery disease either alone or in combination depending on the clinical condition. A differential and personalized use of anticoagulants, platelet inhibitors, and devices is recommended and reviewed in this article.
血管内血栓形成和栓塞是导致许多心血管疾病发病率和死亡率高的最常见事件之一。根本原因是循环血液瘀滞,遗传性和获得性凝血障碍,以及血管壁的抗血栓形成或促血栓形成特性降低(Virchow三联征)。在静脉系统中,血管内血栓可引起静脉血栓形成和肺栓塞甚至外周动脉栓塞,包括缺血性脑卒中(通过卵圆孔未闭[PFO])。左心房及其附件或心室中的血栓分别在心房颤动和心肌梗死的情况下形成。此外,血栓可分别在主动脉内(特别是在溃疡、主动脉夹层和腹动脉瘤的部位)以及脑和外周动脉中的先天或人工主动脉瓣上形成,分别引起卒中和严重肢体缺血。最后,在供应诸如心脏、脑、肾和四肢的重要器官的动脉中可能发生血栓栓塞。血栓形成和栓塞可以用抗凝血剂和装置来控制,这取决于它们形成和栓塞的位置以及患者的特征。机械瓣膜患者首选维生素K拮抗剂,而新型口服抗凝剂是大多数其他心血管疾病患者的首选,特别是静脉血栓栓塞和心房颤动患者。由于抗凝剂与出血风险相关,因此出血风险增加的患者首选PFO封堵器或左心耳封堵器等装置。血小板抑制剂如阿司匹林和/或P2Y12拮抗剂更推荐在冠心病、脑卒中和外周动脉疾病的二级预防中应用,根据临床情况判断是单药或联合治疗。本文推荐并回顾了抗凝剂、血小板抑制剂和设备的差异化和个性化使用。

原文:https://academic.oup.com/eurheartj/advance-article-abstract/doi/10.1093/eurheartj/ehab642/6384672?redirectedFrom=fulltext

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Towards personalized antithrombotic management with drugs and devices across the cardiovascular spectrum

Eur Heart J丨2021 Oct 8

DOI:10.1093/ eurheartj /ehab642

通过心血管频谱中的药物和设备实现个性化抗血栓治疗

Background & purpose:
4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate (4FPCC) is used off-label for factor Xa (FXa) inhibitor-associated intracranial hemorrhage (ICH). Guideline recommendations provide various 4FPCC dosing regimens for FXa inhibitor reversal in this setting. We evaluated 4FPCC weight-based dosing and outcomes in FXa inhibitor-associated ICH.
4因子凝血酶原复合浓缩物(4FPCC)被用于Xa因子(FXa)抑制剂相关的颅内出血(ICH)。指南建议在这种情况下为Xa因子抑制剂逆转提供了各种4FPCC剂量方案。我们评估了Xa因子抑制剂相关ICH中4FPCC基于体重调节剂量的应用方案和治疗结果。
Methods:
We conducted a multi-center, retrospective, cohort study of ICH patients between July 2017 and February 2020. Patients were greater than 18 years of age, received 4FPCC, and were taking apixaban, rivaroxaban, or edoxaban. Patients were separated into high- (≥35 units/kg) or low-dose (<35 units/kg) 4FPCC groups. The primary outcome was hemostasis achievement. Secondary outcomes included in-hospital mortality, intensive care unit and hospital length of stay, discharge disposition, and thrombotic events. Outcomes were evaluated with binary logistic regression.
我们在2017年7月至2020年2月期间对颅内出血患者进行了一项多中心,回顾性队列研究。患者年龄大于18岁,接受4FPCC,并服用阿哌沙班、利伐沙班或艾多沙班。患者被分为高剂量(≥35 单位/kg)或低剂量(<35 单位/kg)4FPCC组。主要结局终点是充分止血。次要终点包括院内死亡率,重症监护病房和住院时间、出院情况和血栓事件。采用二元逻辑回归评估结果。
Results:
Of 390 patients identified, 89 were included with 74 and 15 in the high- vs low-dose groups, respectively. Mean (SD) age was 76.6 (±10.8) years. Most were taking a FXa inhibitor for atrial fibrillation (76.4%) and apixaban was the most common FXa inhibitor (65.2%). Hemostasis achievement was greater in the high- vs low-dose group (89.2% vs 46.7%; OR 11.2; 95% CI 2.4–52.6, P = 0.002). Thrombotic events were 8.2% and 6.7% in the high vs low-dose groups, respectively (OR 0.8; 95% CI 0.08–8.2, P = 0.87). No statistically significant differences were found in secondary outcomes.
在所筛选的390例患者中,纳入89例患者(74例高剂量组,15例低剂量组)进行分析。平均年龄为76.6(±10.8)岁。大多数人服用了Xa因子抑制剂(76.4%),阿哌沙班是最常见的Xa因子抑制剂(65.2%)。与较低剂量组相比,高剂量组的止血效果更佳(89.2% vs. 46.7%;OR 11.2;95%CI 2.4-52.6,P=0.002)。高剂量组和低剂量组的血栓事件分别为8.2%和6.7%(OR 0.8;95%CI 0.08-8.2,P=0.87)。次要结果无统计学差异。
Conclusion:
In patients with FXa inhibitor-associated ICH, high-dose 4FPCC was associated with increased odds of hemostasis achievement. There was no difference in thrombotic events.
在Xa因子抑制剂相关的颅内出血患者中,高剂量4FPCC组与充分止血的效果更优相关。两组血栓事件没有差异。

原文:https://www.thrombosisresearch.com/article/S0049-3848(21)00499-0/fulltext

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High-dose versus low-dose 4-factor prothrombin complex concentrate for factor Xa inhibitor reversal in intracranial hemorrhage

ThrombRes丨2021 Oct 30;208:112-116

DOI:10.1016/j.thromres.2021.10.026

高剂量与低剂量4因子凝血酶原复合浓缩物逆转Xa因子抑制剂相关颅内出血的对比

*内部资料仅供医学专业人士参考

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